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Microbiology > Ch.3-4 > Flashcards

Ch.3-4 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
0
Q

Describe Endocytosis and Exocytosis

A

Endocytosis is when a eukaryotic cell will engulf whole molecules into the cell wall forming a vesicle as it enters the cell.
Exocytosis is the opposite of this, when the cell forms a vesicle around something that it wants to excrete through the cell wall.

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1
Q

List the 5 organelles contained in microbial eukaryotic cells.
Name each ones primary function

A
  1. Nuclei
  2. Mitochondria
  3. Endoplasmic reticulum
  4. Golgi apparatus
  5. Vacuoles
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2
Q

Define and describe phagocytosis.

A

Phagocytosis means “cell eating”. Certain cells are designed to seek out certain targets, and once they find them they will engulf the target by Endocytosis. Lysosomes then join with the newly formed vesicle to destroy the contents.

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3
Q

What is the eukaryotic digestive organelle filled with toxic chemicals and degradative enzymes.

A

lysosome

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4
Q

How do eukaryotic flagella and cilia differ from bacterial flagella.

A

Bacterial flagella are a single helical protrusion that rotates to provide motility.
Eukaryotic flagella and cilia are organelles that contain 9 pair and 2 microtubules in a membrane. Rather than rotating, they beat back and forth to provide motility.

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5
Q

What word means to use organic material made by other cells.

A

Heterotrophic

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6
Q

What are fungi that obtain nutrients from dead organic matter.

A

saprobes

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7
Q

Define the following fungal terms:

  1. Buds
  2. Hyphae
  3. Mycelia
A
  1. Buds - round cells that grow on the side of the mother cell until they are ready to divide.
  2. Hyphae - long chains of connected cells
  3. Mycelia - fuzzy masses of hyphae (mold)
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8
Q

Describe the appearance of the following:

  1. Yeast
  2. Molds
A
  1. Yeast - have single, round cells

2. Molds - grows in long chains

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9
Q

How do septate and aseptate hyphae differ?

A

Septate hyphae have cross walls separating individual cells. Aseptate hyphae do not.

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10
Q

What is the main function of fungal spores?

A

Widespread dissemination.

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11
Q

What is the composition of fungal cell walls.

A

Fungal cell walls are composed of the polysaccharide “chitin”

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12
Q

What is the major lipid of fungi that is usually not present in human cells or bacterial cells?

A

Ergosterol

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13
Q

Name the 3 sub-groups of the Protista Kingdom. Describe their characteristics.

A
  1. Algae - unicellular, but can grow in large groups such as seaweed.
  2. Protozoa - unicellular, lack photosynthesis capability, use organelles of motility for both locomotion and food gathering.
  3. Slime Molds - not fungi. Usually grow on dead matter and produce spores. Some have pseudopodia or flagella.
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14
Q

What are algal cells made of?

A

Their cell walls are primarily cellulose. Agar and pectin are also present.
Members of the diatom subgroup of algae have a silicon cell wall.

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15
Q

How do algae obtain and use sunlight?

A

Organelles called chloroplasts contain chlorophyll that absorbs the energy in sunlight. This is transferred to the mitochondria which produce ATP.

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16
Q

How are protozoans typically classified?

Name the 4 types.

A

According to their locomotion apparatus.

  1. Flagellates
  2. Pseudopodia
  3. Ciliates
  4. Sporozoites - no organelles of locomotion
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17
Q

How are protozoan groups typically identified?

A
  1. Locomotion apparatus
  2. General size and shape
  3. Number of nuclei
  4. Presence of cyst forms
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18
Q

How do cellular and acellular slime molds differ?

A

Cellular - grow into groups of individual cells

Acellular - grow into a plasmodium (a giant cell containing many nuclei)

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19
Q

What is a vector?

A

A carrier of a pathogen

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20
Q

What are the 2 subgroups of arthropods?

A

Insects

Crustaceans

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21
Q

Name the 4 arthropods of concern regarding disease.

A

Insects, lice, mites, ticks.

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22
Q

Which gender of mosquito does NOT “bite”?

A

Males

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23
Q

What must happen for a pathogen to be transmitted by a mosquito vector?

A

The pathogen must migrate to the mosquito salivary gland and replicate there.

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24
Q

Name a disease transmitted by flea vectors.

What is the causative agent of this disease?

A

Plague

Yersinia pestis

25
Q

How do mites directly cause disease?

Name a common rash causing mite.

A 
By burrowing into skin and causing an intense allergic response.
Sarcoptes scabiei (scabies)
26
Q

What can the tick “Dermacentor andersoni” transmit? What disease does this cause?

A

Rickettsia which causes Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever.

27
Q

What can the tick “Ixodes scapularis” transmit? What disease does this cause?

A

Borrelia burgdorferi which causes Lyme disease.

28
Q

What is a virus?

A

A submicroscopic infectious particle that is considered non-living.

29
Q

Why is a virus considered non-living?

A
  1. They cannot replicate independently of other organisms.
  2. They are unable to respond to changes in their environment.
  3. They are comprised of only protein and 1 type of Nucleic acid (RNA or DNA, not both)
  4. They cannot produce their own energy for growth.
30
Q

What are bacterial viruses called?

A

Bacteriophages

31
Q

Viruses contain a nucleic acid. It is wrapped in a protein coat. What is this protein coat wrap called?
What are the sub-parts of the protein coat called?
What is the nucleic acid and protein coat called collectively?

A

Capsid.
Capsomere.
Nucleocapsid.

32
Q

Some viruses acquire a coat of the host membrane as they exit the cell. What is this coat called?
What is this virus with the host coat now called?
What is a virus without this coat called?

A
  1. Envelope
  2. Enveloped virus
  3. Naked virus
33
Q

What shape are most viruses?

A

Icosohedral (20 sides, each an equilateral triangle)
Or
Helical

34
Q

What is a virion?

A

Any virus with its appropriate coating layers.

35
Q

Describe the difference between typical cell division and growth compared to viral replication.

A

Cells divide in binary fashion.
Viruses replicate by coming apart inside the host cell, then all of the components are duplicated many times. New irons are then reassembled.
Hence, viral propagation exceeds bacterial propagation.

36
Q

What is a virus called when it breaks the host cell open when it leaves the cell?

A

Lytic virus

37
Q

What is a virus called that has the potential to become lytic?

A

Lysogens or proviruses

38
Q

What are the 7 steps of a virus life cycle?

A
  1. Attachment
  2. Penetration
  3. Uncoating
  4. Nucleic acid replication
  5. Protein synthesis
  6. Self-assembly
  7. Release
39
Q

What is the typical method for a virus to penetrate a cell?

What is a 2nd way penetration occurs?

A

Endocytosis

Membrane fusion

40
Q

What are cytopathic effects?

A

Microscopically observable changes to cells from the effects of virions.

Cytopathic effects can help diagnose the agent of infection.

41
Q

List and describe the different types of cytopathic effects.

A
  1. Cell killing: virus kills cells and an area with no living cells,is observable.
  2. Roundup: host cells no longer adhere tightly to the bottom of the tissue culture dish.
  3. Inclusion bodies: dark areas of virus particles accumulate.
  4. Syncytia formations: cells fuse together to form giant cells.
42
Q

What is a retrovirus?

A

A retrovirus carries out transcription in reverse. It carries 2-copies of RNA as well as an enzyme called “reverse transcriptase”. Together they form a template to produce a duplex DNA copy that is integrated into the host chromosome.

43
Q

Define tumor cell

A

Uncontrolled cellular growth.

44
Q

Because viruses are incapable of replicating outside of a host, they are called……?

A

Obligate intracellular parasites.

45
Q

How big are the largest viruses?

A

1/25th of the smallest bacterium

46
Q

What type of molecule, in an enveloped virus, is necessary for attachment to the host cell?

A

A viral attachment protein that protrudes outside of the viral envelope is necessary for attachment to the host cell.

47
Q

Where does DNA and RNA replication take place?

A

DNA: in the nucleus
RNA: in the cytoplasm

48
Q

How many phages or virions can be produced in a single growth cycle?

A

About 100 phages per bacterium and 300,000 animal virions per animal cell.

49
Q

What are prions?

A

The smallest known replicating agent. They have neither RNA or DNA (nucleic acid).
Prion means: Proteinaceous infectious agent

50
Q

What is a prion and how does it work?

A

Prions are proteins that can affect the brain in humans or animals. In rare occasions, these proteins can replicate in the brain and fold in an unnatural fashion, ultimately causing brain damage.

51
Q

What are the 2 names for the human disease caused by prions?

Name the bovine disease?

Sheep?

A

Creutzfeldt-Jacob disease (also known as Kuru disease)

Beef: BSE (bovine spongiform encephalopathy)

Sheep: Scapie

52
Q

What is the general term for any molecule that binds to a receptor?

A

Ligand

53
Q

Some pathogenic fungi exhibit dimorphism (transitioning between a yeast and mold). Name 1 such fungus.

A

Candida albicans

54
Q

Define: phytoplankton

A 
Phyto = plant
Plankton = drifting
55
Q

What are algae that produce a silicon structural matrix that settles to the bottom of the ocean when they die?
What are these deposits called?

A

Diatoms

Diatomaceous earth

56
Q

Which one (algae or Protozoa) lacks photosynthetic ability?

A

Protozoa

57
Q

Slime molds and water molds are fungi: true or false

A

False, they are protists.

Due to their ability to be motile, they were reclassified. Fungi are non-motile.

58
Q

What does the water mold “phytophthora infestans” cause?

A

Potato blight

59
Q

What arthropod would be likely to transmit the following diseases: trench fever, typhus, relapsing fever?

A

Head lice and body lice (pediculus humanus)

Microbiology (9 decks)

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