Mini Exam 9

Question 1

Common Pathogenic Fungi

Answer 1

• Aspergillus (lung infections, mold) and Candida (dimorphic fungus, starts as yeast turns into mold once in host)
• many are HAIs
• challenging to tx

Question 2

Algae

Answer 2

Diverse group of photosynthetic eukaryotes
- photoautotrophs
-moist environments

Question 3

Photoautotrophs

Answer 3

Light —> sugar/food

Question 4

Lichens

Answer 4

Mutualistic relationship btwn fungus and algae

Question 5

Polio Virus

Answer 5

• RNA virus
• fecal-oral route, infect GI tract
• 70% asymptomatic
• 0.5% —> CNS, flaccid paralysis; poliomyelitis
• 1950s Jonas Salk vaccine (IPV); 1960s Albert Sabin vaccine (OPV) = eradication

Question 6

Parasite

Answer 6

Pathogenic organism that ISN’T a virus, bacteria, or fungus (aka protozoa and helminthes)

Question 7

Host

Answer 7

Organism providing nutrients to another organism (guest or parasite)

Question 7

Definitive Host

Answer 7

Aka Primary host; where parasite SEXUAL reproduction occurs

Question 8

Intermediate Host

Answer 8

Aka Secondary host; where parasite grows and develops, ASEXUAL reproduction can occur here; often a VECTOR

Question 9

Vector

Answer 9

Organism that TRANSMITS pathogen to another organism, usually referring to the organism that transmits to humans (often an arthropod)

Question 10

Protozoa

Answer 10

• DIVERSE unicellular eukaryotes
• aka protist
• multiply asexually (fission, budding, or schizogony) OR sexually
• most are free-living (not harmful)
• most move via flagella, cilia, or pseudopods
• some form protective cysts (protective capsule)

Question 11

Schizogony

Answer 11

Many mitoses followed by cytokinesis

Question 12

Paramecium

Answer 12

Ciliated free-living protist

Question 13

Intestinal Protozoa

Answer 13

Cause diarrhea, asexual

Question 14

Giardia

Answer 14

• Cyst-forming intestinal parasite
• 2 nuclei and mitosome (don’t make ATP)
• cause giardiasis

Question 15

Entamoeba hystolytica

Answer 15

• uses pseudopods to travel from gut to invade other tissues (lungs, brain)
• forms cysts
• causes dysentery

Question 16

Cryptosporidium

Answer 16

• makes cysts
• invades cells that line gut

Question 17

Plasmodium

Answer 17

• causes malaria
• spread by mosquitos
• 2 rounds of schizogony in liver/blood

Question 18

Nonsocomial Infection

Answer 18

HAI

Question 19

Opportunistic Infection

Question 20

Trypanosoma brucei

Answer 20

• sleeping sickness
• hemolymphatic phase (fever, malaise)
• neurological phase (confusion, sleep inversion)
• spread by tsetse fly
• mostly asexual reproduction

Question 21

Helminths

Answer 21

Worms (multicellular animals)
- have body systems, relatively large
- all sexual reproduction
- flatworms or roundworms
- dioecious (m/f) or monoecious (herm)
- can have complex lifestyle/many hosts

Question 22

Flatworms

Answer 22

• flukes: small flatworms
• tapeworms: multiple body segments, long

Question 23

Roundworms

Answer 23

• nematodes
• can be small or large

Question 24

Ebola

Answer 24

• RNA virus, 5 serotypes
• spread via bodily fluids
• Ebola hemorrhagic fever (connective tissue falls apart, bleeding)
• lethal in 25-90% of cases (depending on serotype)
• endemic to Africa
• vaccine approved in 2019, only works on one serotype
• 2020 Ad26.ZEBOV vaccine (uses adenovirus as vector; only Ebola surface proteins)