Mini Exam 12

Question 1

Yellow Fever Virus

Answer 1

• RNA virus
• mosquito vector
• infects liver: jaundice
• YFV vaccine
• first human virus isolated
• Africa —> South America via the slave trade

Question 2

Symbiosis

Answer 2

Relationship between organisms living togehter

Question 3

Mutualism

Answer 3

Both symbiont and host benefit
- ex: gut microbiome (digest food & microbial antagonism—microbes preventing growth of pathogens)

Question 4

Commensalism

Answer 4

Symbiont benefits, host is neutral
- ex: oral microbiota (ferment sugars, can be parasitic if they cause cavities)

Question 5

Parasitism

Answer 5

Symbiont benefits, host is harmed
- ex: infectious/opportunistic pathogens—normal flora that become parasitic

Question 6

Pathology

Answer 6

Study of disease

Question 7

Infectious disease

Answer 7

Caused by pathogenic microbe

Question 8

Etiology

Answer 8

What is causative agent of a disease?
- ex: HIV causes AIDS

Question 9

Pathogenesis

Answer 9

How does the agent enter and persist in the host? (Focus on microbe)
- ex: HIV gets to blood and infects WBC

Question 10

Pathophysiology

Answer 10

What normal biological function is disrupted to cause disease? (Focus on host)
- ex: loss of WBC leads to immunodeficiency

Question 11

Koch’s Postulates

Answer 11

Identify causative agent (etiology) of infectious disease
1. SAME pathogen must be present in every case of the disease
2. Pathogen must be ISOLATED from diseased host and grown in pure culture
3. The pathogen from the pure culture must CAUSE the disease when inoculated into a healthy, susceptible lab animal
4. Pathogen must be isolated from inoculated animal and be shown to be the ORIGINAL organism

Question 12

Robert Koch

Answer 12

Identified first disease caused by bacteria, 1800s

Question 13

Symptom

Answer 13

What PATIENT FEELS during infection

Question 14

Signs

Answer 14

OBSERVABLE & MEASURABLE changes during infection

Question 15

Barriers to Koch’s Postulates

Answer 15

• virus
• obligate intracellular pathogen
• can’t grow in pure culture or media being used
• can’t infect lab animal aka tropism (what can infectious agent infect)
• doesn’t cause same diseases signs in lab animal
• opportunistic pathogen

Question 16

Mucous Membranes

Answer 16

Epithelium that secretes mucous

Question 17

Inflammation

Answer 17

WBC infiltrate tissue

Question 18

Local Infection

Answer 18

Restricted to an area of the body

Question 19

Systemic Infection

Answer 19

Travels through the body

Question 20

Septicemia

Answer 20

Pathogen in blood; bacteremia, viremia, or toxemia

Question 21

Sepsis

Answer 21

Immune response to septicemia

Question 22

Communicable Disease

Answer 22

Can be spread from person to person (directly or indirectly); caused by infectious agent

Question 23

Noncommunicable Disease

Answer 23

Not spread

Question 24

Contagious Disease

Answer 24

Communicable disease that is EASILY and DIRECTLY spread from person to person; aka NOT bbps

Question 25

Epidemic

Answer 25

Outbreak in REGION

Question 26

Pandemic

Answer 26

Outbreak WORLDWIDE

Question 27

Incidence

Answer 27

of new ppl with disease

Question 28

Prevalence

Answer 28

Total # of ppl with disease1

Question 29

Sporadic

Answer 29

Disease that occurs occasionally and irregularly

Question 30

Endemic

Answer 30

Found in a specific region; sporadic or constant

Question 31

Incubation Period

Answer 31

After infection, no symptoms

Question 32

Prodromal Period

Answer 32

Mild symptoms

Question 33

Period of Illness

Answer 33

Most severe disease; symptoms often due to immune response

Question 34

Period of Decline

Answer 34

Immune system starts winning

Question 35

Convalescence

Answer 35

Return to normal

Question 36

Load

Answer 36

Amount of infectious agent in an individual