Mini Exam 8

Question 1

Antibody purification

Answer 1

Harvest antibody that recognizes a specific antigen (antigen, repeated immunization —> collect blood, serum = antibody mixture)

Question 2

Serological tests/Immunoassays

Answer 2

use antibodies to test for microbial proteins

Question 3

Serotypes

Answer 3

DIFFERENT STRAINS of the SAME SPECIES that bind DIFFERENT antibodies (bc the antigens are diff enough from e/o)

Question 4

Slide Agglutination Test

Answer 4

• bacteria (with surface antigen) added
• many antibodies attached to beads
• if antigen present, sample will COAGULATE
• look for clumps on slide (little bits, not one big clump)

Question 5

Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA)

Answer 5

Antibodies that recognize a pathogen linked to an enzyme that produces a COLORED product made if microbe is PRESENT
- can be performed in a 96-well plate; “high-throughput”
- quantified by spectrophotometry

Question 6

Rapid Antigen Test

Answer 6

Tests for presence of antigen on test strip

Question 7

Western Blot

Answer 7

Sample LYSED, separated based on SIZE, antigens detected by LABELED ANTIBODIES

Question 8

Gel Electrophoresis

Answer 8

Proteins run through a gel to SEPARATE pieces based on size; DNA from PCR is run thru the gel, compared to a LADDER of known size

Question 9

Polymerase Chain Rxn (PCR)

Answer 9

Make many copies of a specific DNA TARGET defined by PRIMERS

Question 10

Measles, Mumps, Rubella (MMR)

Answer 10

• 3 viruses
• Measles: rash (esp face), very infectious, airborne
• Mumps: swelling of paratoid gland (salivary glands), spread via saliva/droplets
• Rubella: itchy rash throughout body, airborne
• MMR vaccine; 3 birds 1 stone (12-15 months, 4-6 yrs)
• Andrew Wakefield = AUTISM HATER 🤘

Question 11

HIV+ but doesn’t show on ELISA? Wtf?

Answer 11

Different serotype being produced

Question 12

Adenovirus

Answer 12

• DNA virus
• cold/other diseases
• being developed for use in gene therapy
• used in J & J Covid vaccine

Question 13

Fungi

Answer 13

Yeast, molds, mushrooms

Question 14

Mycology

Answer 14

Study of fungi

Question 15

Molds

Answer 15

Filamentos fungi
- septate hyphae
- coenocytic/aséstate hyphae
- septum with pores
- all cells are connected; continuous cytoplasm
- incomplete cell division

Question 16

Yeast

Answer 16

Unicellular fungi
- pseudohyphae
- budding (can also have fission)
- separate cells
- complete cell division, may have connected cellsn (pseudohyphae)

Question 17

Chemoheterotrophs

Answer 17

Absorb nutrients/food, often decomposers

Question 18

Mycelium

Answer 18

Mass of hyphae

Question 19

Dimorphic Fungus

Answer 19

Able to have both yeast-like and mold-like growth

Question 20

Fungi Cell Wall

Answer 20

Chitin (NAG polymers) and toucans (glucose polymers), with -ergosterol in MEMBRANE (target for antifungals, we have cholesterol instead)

Question 21

Yeast Fission vs Budding

Answer 21

Budding = nucleus splits btwn mother and daughter cell, MICROFILAMENT (actin ring) divides cell; unequal
Fission = 1 cell grows longer, then constricted by microfilaments and septum made that divides cell; equal

Question 22

Vegetative Hyphae

Answer 22

Anchors mold, absorbs nutrients

Question 23

Aerial/Reproductive Hyphae

Answer 23

Extend above growth media; releases spores

Question 24

Spores

Answer 24

haploid seed-like cells that allow reproduction (function for repro, whereas bacterial endospores are for protection)

Question 25

Fungi reproduce…

Answer 25

Both sexually or asexually

Question 26

Fungi Life Cycle (sexual)

Answer 26

• 2 haploid hyphae fuse though plasmogamy
• karyogamy —> diploid zygote
• meiosis to form haploid spores
• spores germinate, hyphae form

Question 27

Fungi Life Cycle (asexual)

Answer 27

Haploid all thru
- mitosis
- spores
- germination