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Microbiology > Mini Exam 4 > Flashcards

Mini Exam 4 Flashcards

1
Q

Requirements for growth

A
  • temperature
  • pH
  • osmotic pressure
  • elements; CNOPS
  • amino acids and nucleotides (if not made)
  • trace elements (zinc, iron, copper)
  • growth factors (vitamins not made by microbe)
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2
Q

Extremophiles

A

prefer extreme environments; have adapted to survive and grow

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3
Q

Optimal temperature

A

Temperature with highest growth

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4
Q

Psychrophile

A

Cold, even below freezing, ~ -10 to 20 C

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5
Q

Psychrotroph

A

Low temps, ~0-30 C

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6
Q

Mesophile

A

Moderate temps, ~10-50 C

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7
Q

Thermophile

A

Hot temps, ~40-72 C

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8
Q

Hyperthermophile

A

Very hot temps, even over boiling, ~65-110 C

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9
Q

Refrigeration, danger zone

A
  • Danger zone is where bacteria grow quickly, ~60-130 F or ~15-50 C
  • refrigeration; may allow slow growth of SPOILAGE but few pathogens, container size impacts cooling time, ~0-5 C
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10
Q

pH

A

Affects protein charge (function)
- acidophile likes 1-5.5
- neutrophils likes 5.5-8.5
- alkaliphile likes 7.5-11.5

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11
Q

Osmotic pressure

A

Aka salinity; describes concentration of solutes in a solution, most bacteria prefer ISOTONIC (outside and inside same)

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12
Q

Hypertonic solutions

A

Cause water to rush OUT of a cell; outside concentration > than inside of cell

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13
Q

Plasmolysis

A

Shriveling of bacteria cytoplasm, happens in hypertonic solutions

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14
Q

Halophile

A

likes high salt environments

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15
Q

Acidophile

A

likes acidic environments

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16
Q

Akaliphile

A

likes basic environments

17
Q

Element requirements

A

Carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen, phosphorous, sulfur

18
Q

Decompostiion

A

Microbes get CHNOPS by decomposing dead organisms

19
Q

Carbon fixing

A

CO2 (inorganic) —> organic carbon by photoautotrophs or chemoautotrophs (oxidize inorganic molecules)

20
Q

Nitrogen fixation

A

N2 —> organic molecules

21
Q

Fixing

A

Microbes get CHNOPS by fixing fas forms from atmosphere

22
Q

ROS

A

reactive oxygen species; since it is very electronegative
- unpaired electron make these forms of oxygen dangerous
- ex: peroxide, superoxide anion

23
Q

SOD & Catalase

A

Enzymes that revert ROS species to H2O; allows organisms that use oxygen to survive
- SOD = superoxide dismutase; handles superoxide (WORST) to hydrogen peroxide (LESS damaging than superoxide) and oxygen molecules
- Catalase convert hydrogen peroxide to water and oxygen

24
Q

Aerobes

A

require oxygen during ATP production (respiration)

25
Q

Anaerobes

A

doesn’t need oxygen during ATP production (fermentation)

26
Q

Obligate

A

Aerobes: oxygen required; SOD/Catalase +/+
Anaerobes: cant grow with oxygen present; SOD/Catalase -/-
Growth pattern will either be all at TOP (aerobes) or all at BOTTOM (anaerobes)

27
Q

Facultative and growth in media

A

Aerobes: both with or without oxygen, greater growth WITH oxygen; SOD/Catalase +/+
Growth pattern at top and throughout

28
Q

Agar

A

solid media; aka plates

29
Q

Broth

A

Liquid media; aka tubes

30
Q

Complex media

A

Made from yeast, meat, or plant extracts; aka RICH media

31
Q

Defined media

A

Made from individual chemical mixed together

32
Q

Enrichment culture

A

culture containing MIXTURE of microbes but which promotes growth of a SPECIFIC TYPE of microbe

33
Q

Selective and differential media

A

Selective: grows SPECIFIC microbes
Differential: CHANGES in response to DIFFERENT kinds of microbial growth (usually color change)

34
Q

Binary fission

A

How bacteria divide, NOT mitosis bc no spindles/metaphase plate/gap phases (G1, G2)
- FitZ protein constricts membrane to separate cells.

35
Q

Logarithmic growth (calculating # of cells)

A

each generation DOUBLES the # of cells

36
Q

Salmonella

A
  • gram negative bacillus bacterium
  • facultative anaerobe (ATP w oxygen or fermentation w/o)
  • intracellular pathogen, gut epithelium
  • causes food borne illness; typhoid for some species
  • fecal to oral route
    Steps to infect
    1. Adhesion
    2. Secretion and membrane ruffling
    3. Internalization and membrane recovery
37
Q

C.diff

A
  • gram positive, motile (flagella) , obligate anaerobe
  • forms endospores (how it survives near oxygen)
  • emerging pathogen, common HAI and nursing homes
  • kept at bay by host microbiome (antibiotics harm this)
  • disrupt gut cytoskeleton by toxin A & B
  • causes gut inflammation (colitis) and diarrhea
  • fecal transplant treatment

Microbiology (13 decks)

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