Minerals Flashcards
Plays a well-known role in the structural integrity of the skeleton and is essential for skeletal muscle contraction along with other electrical signaling functions.
Calcium (essential nutrient)
Blood Calcium Levels
8.4 to 9.5 mg/dL.
Most abundant Mineral
Calcium (essential nutrient)
Has been implicated in regulating insulin signaling, with some data suggesting that it may enhance insulin sensitivity and/or decrease insulin resistance
Chromium
Trace element that works to improve insulin signaling by modulating chromodulin, a protein that augments the signaling of insulin receptors
Chromium
Essential mineral and helps balance the redox system in the human body
Copper
Results in seizures, brain atrophy, and hypotonia and is corrected by early copper supplementation
Menkes Disease
Nonessential mineral that, when consumed in low quantities, can be considered a beneficial ingredient for preventing cavities in teeth.
Fluoride
Central in hundreds of metabolic processes, with the storing, transporting, and delivery of oxygen via hemoglobin and myoglobin being the most important of its myriad roles
Iron
Involved in the electron transport chain and neurotransmitter production
Iron
Heme is primary made of?
Hemoglobin and Myoglobin
Involved in over 300 biochemical reactions that span the full spectrum of human metabolism: from digestion to nervous system activity to glucose regulation and protein synthesis
Magnesium
_______________is conjugated to ATP; most ATP in the human body is found as ________________
Magnesium; MgATP
Intimately involved in the metabolism of carbohydrates, fats, and proteins and in the ion channels that regulate calcium flux and potassium flux across membranes.
Magnesium
Magnesium is important in many chronic diseases, specifically
Diabetes. People with Type 2 diabetes are more likely to have lower levels of serum magnesium and supplementation with magnesium has been shown to improve glucose metabolism and markers of insulin sensitivity
Magnesium supplementation lowers
Fasting glucose, LDL-c, and triglycerides and raised HDL-c in people with Type 2 diabetes
The maximal daily intake of mercury recommended by the World Health Organization (2017)
2 micrograms/kg/day
Required for energy production and maintaining cellular viability. Phosphorous is the central molecule in phosphate, which is part of adenosine triphosphate (ATP), the energy molecule that facilitates virtually every biochemical reaction.
Phosphorus
Required for maintaining concentration gradients, fluid volume, and cardiac rhythm
Potassium
Serve as antioxidants or in the regeneration of antioxidants. Specifically, thioredoxin reductase and glutathione peroxidase
Selenium
________________ exerts its toxicity in the human body by displacing selenium and substantially impairing the antioxidant systems in the body
Mercury
A mineral that provides structure to cells and helps reactions occur – it is the most abundant intracellular of the trace elements and plays regulatory roles in transcription via transcription factors, stabilizes nucleic acids, and is necessary for the creation of tubulin, giving cells their internal rigid structure and allowing them to properly maintain their shape and function.
Zinc
Primarily an extracellular fluid; essential for maintaining gradient balance, fluid status, and cardiac rhythm
Sodium
Can lead to malaise, nausea, cramps, headache, and slurred speech, with extreme cases leading to cardiac arrest and death.
Hyponatremia
Most abundant intracellular of the trace elements and plays regulatory roles in transcription via transcription factors and stabilizes nucleic acids.
Zinc
Severe zinc deficiencies are known to cause
Substantial health issues: alopecia, immune deficiencies, night blindness, delayed wound healing, and growth retardation
A nutrient intake value that is estimated to meet the requirement of half the healthy individuals in a group.
Estimated Average Requirement (EAR)
The average daily dietary intake level that is sufficient to meet the nutrient requirement of nearly all (97 to 98%) healthy individuals in a group.
Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA)
A value based on observed or experimentally determined approximations of nutrient intake by a group (or groups) of healthy people – used when an RDA cannot be determined.
Adequate Intake (AI)
The highest level of daily nutrient intake that is likely to pose no risk of adverse health effects to almost all individuals in the general population – as intake increases above the UL, the risk of adverse effects increases.
Tolerable Upper Intake Level (UL)
Servings of Fruit a day
4 Servings
Servings of Vegetables a day
2.5 Cups
Ounces of Whole Grains a day
3 Ounces
Ounces of Meats, Fish and Poultry a day
5.5 Ounces
Cups of Dairy a day
3 Cups
Teaspoons of Oils per day
6 Teaspoons
Cups of dark green vegetables per week
3 cups
Cups of orange vegetables per week
2 cups
Cups of legumes (dry beans) per week
3 cups
Cups of starchy vegetables per week
3 cups
Cups of other vegetables per week
6.5 cups
Individuals with celiac disease benefit from additional
folate, vitamin B12, vitamin D, and calcium supplementation
Populations benefit from vitamin D and/or calcium supplementation
Aging and/or institutionalized
Pediatric patients with intractable epilepsy benefit when placed on a _________________diet
Ketogenic
Vitamin and Mineral Deficiencies with Celiac Disease
Vitamin A, Vitamin B12, ZInc, Iron and Calcium
Vitamin C deficiencies occur in what percentage of the population of the United States?
7 %
In which of the following key processes is chromium involved?
Insulin Signaling
What percent of children under the age of 5 have vitamin A deficiency worldwide?
33 %
What is the intracellular-to-extracellular ratio of potassium?
30:1
What percent of magnesium in the human body is found in bone tissue?
60%
What family of compounds are the vitamin K1 compounds called?
Phylloquinones
What percent increased requirement do long distance runners have for iron compared to non-runners?
70%
Hyponatremia (low-sodium concentration in the blood) sets in when sodium falls below what concentration?
135 milimolar
In what process does selenium play a critical role?
Antioxidant system
