Ch 22: Nutrition Hot Topics and Controversies Flashcards
Any food product that is certified organic by the United States Department of Agriculture and, therefore, meets certain criteria for agricultural and animal-husbandry practices.
Organic
Any food product that comes from the intensive agricultural and animal-husbandry methods employed in the United States (e.g., heavy pesticide use and concentrated animal feedlots).
Conventional Foods
Feed that provides highly concentrated sources of nutrients and supplementation to livestock.
Concentrate Feed
Organic Produce has a _________ fold decrease in _________
4; Pesticide Residues
The primary difference between conventional and organic agriculture
Reliance of conventional agriculture on synthetic pesticides
Organic farming generally relies on:
Crop rotation, biological control through employing natural enemies of pests, and hygiene practices
Organic Pesticides
Of the pesticides that are used, most have lower toxalogical concerns than their synthetic counterparts because they are part of the human diet (e.g., sulfur, potassium bicarbonate, and coconut soap) or are used in pest traps rather than being applied to the crop
Many Synthetic Pesticides are linked to:
Cancer, Neurological disorders and Hormone Disruption
Colloquialism
The use of ordinary or familiar words or phrases.
Monotonic
Linear
Natural compounds produced by bacteria, fungi, or plants, which are not directly involved in the normal growth, development, or reproduction of the organism.
Secondary Metabolites
Provide assessments of pesticide residues on conventional and organic produce.
Several consumer-advocacy organizations, such as the Environmental Working Group and the Pesticide Action Network
Organic produce does beat out conventional when it comes to
Secondary Metabolites
Class of natural chemicals found abundantly in plants that have unique biological effects when consumed.
Polyphenols (one of the reasons eating a diet rich in plants is associated with numerous health benefits such as beneficial effects on the brain, cancer, inflammation, and the cardiovascular system)
Switching from conventional to organic foods would increase polyphenol intake
By the equivalent of one to two servings of fruits and vegetables without any change in actual food or energy intake
A hazardous natural chemical compound that is resistant to biodegradation and thus remains in the environment for a long time.
Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs)
Organic meats, milk, and eggs :
Must come from livestock that are raised on certified organic land, meeting all organic criteria for agriculture; fed 100% organic feed without animal byproducts and synthetic preservatives; raised without antibiotics, growth hormones, or animal byproducts; and allowed year-round access to the outdoors
When discussing conventional meat with clients, two points need to be emphasized:
The accumulation of POPs in animals is an established occurrence but there is little investigation into POP concentrations in conventional and organic meats. If this issue concerns clients and they have barriers toward purchasing organic meats, opting for low-fat meats can help reduce POP exposure due to their accumulation primarily within fat tissue.
An essential omega-3 fatty acid that is converted into EPA and DHA within the body, albeit in limited amounts.
Alpha-Linolenic Acid (ALA)
Refers to animals that have been raised in an ecologically appropriate way; allowed to forage and graze on pasture throughout life.
Grass-Fed and Finished
Certified organic pasture throughout the entire grazing season for the geographic region but, because this time-frame is variable, the overall requirement for grass in the diet is a minimum of 30%
30 percent
Moreover, these rules apply only up until the final 120 days of the cattle’s lives, during which time they can be finished on grain feed (albeit certified organic).
Effect on meat with 120 days of Grain Feeding
Increasing its fat content anywhere from two- to four-fold and altering the fatty acid profile to be higher in monounsaturated fatty acids, lower in polyunsaturated fatty acids, and higher in the ratio of omega-6 to omega-3 fatty acid
Beef from grass-fed and finished cattle
Leaner, contains more omega-3 fatty acids, including EPA and DHA, and vitamins A and E
For individuals who do not like eating seafood rich in EPA and DHA
Beef from grass-fed and finished cattle can help boost their intake
Grass Fed Products: Milk
Directly proportional decreases in saturated fat and increases in mono- and polyunsaturated fats, including conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) and ALA
Grass Fed Products: Eggs
Pastured hens lay eggs with significantly more omega-3 fatty acids, including a notable increase in DHA, less omega-6 fatty acids, and a lower omega-3 to omega-6 ratio than their conventional or organic counterparts . Additionally, eggs from pastured hens contain significantly more vitamin E and bioactive compounds, including lutein and zeaxanthin
pastured eggs had two to three times as much lutein as conventional
A carotenoid that plays an important role within the human brain and retina as an antioxidant.
Lutein
The beneficial effects of polyphenols have been linked to what?
Inflammation management
Cancer prevention
Brain Function
Vascular Health
Beef from grass-fed and finished cattle have noted to have higher concentrations of what?
DHA
Omega 3 Fatty Acids
Vitamins A and E
EPA
Pastured eggs have how much more DHA than conventional eggs?
3.5 Times
Any organism whose genetic material has been altered using genetic engineering techniques (e.g., bacteria-mediated recombination)
Genetically Modified Organisms (GMOs)
“Organisms (i.e. plants, animals or microorganisms) in which the genetic material (DNA) has been altered in a way that does not occur naturally by mating and/or natural recombination.”
An extremely hazardous chemical that can be produced by the cooking of starchy foods (e.g., French fries).
Acrylamide
Arguments in Favor of GMOs
Increased crop yields, increased nutritional value, and improvement in food processing
Potential Risks of GMOs
Direct Risks and Indirect Risks of GMOs
Direct Risks of GMOs
Examples include the expression of allergenic proteins and changes in metabolite concentrations, including toxic ones, that result from poorly understood regulatory pathways in plants in response to genetic modification
Indirect Risks of GMOs
Indirect effects come from how GMOs are used in agricultural practices
With general intestinal distress from fermentable, poorly absorbed, short-chain carbohydrates:
Fermentable, oligo-, di-, monosaccharides, and polyols (FODMAPs)
leaky gut
Intestinal permeability
The protein that regulates the integrity of tight junctions within the intestinal tract
Zonulin
Naturally occurring short-chain carbohydrates poorly absorbed in the small intestine.
Fermentable, Oligo-, Di-, Monosaccharides, and Polyols (FODMAPs)
Term describing the control of material passing from inside the small intestine to the rest of the body, also known as leaky gut.
Intestinal Permeability
A product that modulates the permeability of tight junctions between cells of the small intestine.
Zonulin
An endotoxin produced by gram-negative bacteria that elicit an inflammatory response if absorbed into circulation from the gastrointestinal tract.
Lipopolysaccharides (LPS)
Grass seeds used in the same way as true cereal grains, often serving as a replacement (e.g., ground into flour or consumed as porridge) – examples include amaranth, buckwheat, and quinoa.
Pseudograins
Gluten free diets
Working with them to minimize processed foods and emphasize whole-meal gluten-free grains, vegetables, fruits, and legumes is important for ensuring nutrient adequacy.
What are some direct benefits of promoting and supporting GMOs?
Increased Crop Yields
Increased Nutrient Content
What are some examples of gluten-free grains a client could consume who have celiac disease or have heightened gluten sensitivity?
White/Brown Rice
Quinoa
A sweetener made from the enzymatic conversion of corn starch into glucose and fructose.
High Fructose Corn Syrup (HFCS)
The enzyme that turns fructose 6-phosphate to fructose 1, 6-bisphosphate, a key regulatory step in the glycolytic pathway.
Phosphofructokinase
The process by which fatty acids are synthesized from other compounds (e.g., glucose) within the liver.
De Novo Lipogenesis (DNL)
Any radioactive atom detectable in a material in a chemical, biological, or physical system and used to mark that material for study, to observe its progress through the system, or to determine its distribution.
Isotopic Tracer
HFCS is ___________ fructose and the molecules exist as free glucose and fructose in solution
55 to 65%
Authoritative bodies around the world have recommended limiting added sugar intake with goals as low as ____________________________
less than 5% of energy intake.
For a standard 2,000-kcal diet, this amounts to about 25 grams of added sugar or roughly ½ of a can of soda pop. That is not a lot and speaks volumes on how quickly these hidden sugars can add up.
Fructose is metabolized primarily _____________ and bypasses a critical rate-limited step _____________ in glycolysis.
Within the liver; (phosphofructokinase)
A zero-calorie food additive that provides a sweet taste like that of sugar.
Non-Nutritive Sweeteners (NNS)
A synthetic nonnutritive sweetener.
Artificial Sweetner
Artificial NNS Sweeteners
Acesulfame
Potassium (Ace-K)
Advantame
Aspartame
Neotame
Saccharin
Sucralose
Natural NNS Sweeteners
Steviol glycosides (Stevia extract)
Monk fruit extract (Luo Han Guo)
A psychological phenomenon whereby people eat more of something they perceive as healthy
Health Halo Effect
What are the major differences between fructose and glucose?
- Fructose is metabolized primarily within the liver.
- Promotes overeating and consequential weight gain compared to glucose.
- The body continues to create energy from fructose even if the body doesn’t need it.
Which of the following are considered natural NNS Sweeteners?
Stevia (Steviol Glycosides) and Monk Fruit Extract
Relative Sweetness
Acesulfame Potassium (Ace-K) 200 X
Advantame 20,000 X
Aspartame 200 X
Neotame 10000 X
Saccharin 400 X
Sucralose 600 X
Steviol glycosides (Stevia Extract) 300 X
Monk Fruit Extract (Luo Han Guo) 175 X
The process of attempting to purify the body from ill-defined toxins through restrictive dieting and foolhardy supplementation (e.g., The Master Cleanse or Fat Flush).
Detox and Cleansing Programs
Most toxins and toxicants are metabolized by _____________ and then excreted via _______________________
Phase I and Phase II pathways within the liver;
bile or the kidneys.
Liver Detoxification Phase I
Nutrients:
B Vitamins (Folate, Vitamin B6 and B12)
Vitamin A, K
Antioxidants (Vitamins C, E, Glutathione, Plant Bioactives)
Methyl Donors (Choline, Glycine, Folate, Vit B12)
Think a lot of vegetables
Liver Detoxification Phase II
Nutrients:
Selenium
Sulfur (Cruciferous Vegetables, Garlic, Egg Yolks)
Amino Acids (Glutamine, Glycine, Taurine, Cysteine, Carnitine)
Think Protein (gelatin/collagen, eggs and fish)
Juicing loses
Fiber and Phytochemicals (also rich in calories)
Dangers of Juicing
Can cause kidney damage with Oxalate-rich juices
Oxalate-rich fruits and vegetables
Oxalate-rich foods include beets, chard, collards, leek, parsley, and spinach, all of which may be juiced due to their perceived healthfulness. People who have suffered kidney disease from frequently consuming these juiced foods consume at least 10 times as much oxalate as the average American or about 1200 to 1500 milligrams per day.
Which answer most appropriately describes the effect of consuming nonnutritive sweeteners on appetite and food intake?
Insulin Sensitivity
Compared to other carbohydrates, calorie-equated exchange for fructose affects which of the following?
Glycemic Control
Which of the following is produced in the lowest quantity during fructose metabolism?
Fatty Acids
The link between nonnutritive sweeteners and obesity in observational research can be explained by which of the following?
Reverse Causality
Which of the following is produced in the greatest quantity during fructose metabolism?
Glucose
Increased translocation of microbial products through the intestinal barrier, an immune response toward lipopolysaccharides, and increased intestinal permeabiity all play a roll in the symptoms of which of the following?
Non-celiac gluten sensitivity
Organic meat and milk, compared to conventional, contains significantly greater concentrations of what nutrient?
Omega 3 Fatty Acids
