Ch 22: Nutrition Hot Topics and Controversies Flashcards
Any food product that is certified organic by the United States Department of Agriculture and, therefore, meets certain criteria for agricultural and animal-husbandry practices.
Organic
Any food product that comes from the intensive agricultural and animal-husbandry methods employed in the United States (e.g., heavy pesticide use and concentrated animal feedlots).
Conventional Foods
Feed that provides highly concentrated sources of nutrients and supplementation to livestock.
Concentrate Feed
Organic Produce has a _________ fold decrease in _________
4; Pesticide Residues
The primary difference between conventional and organic agriculture
Reliance of conventional agriculture on synthetic pesticides
Organic farming generally relies on:
Crop rotation, biological control through employing natural enemies of pests, and hygiene practices
Organic Pesticides
Of the pesticides that are used, most have lower toxalogical concerns than their synthetic counterparts because they are part of the human diet (e.g., sulfur, potassium bicarbonate, and coconut soap) or are used in pest traps rather than being applied to the crop
Many Synthetic Pesticides are linked to:
Cancer, Neurological disorders and Hormone Disruption
Colloquialism
The use of ordinary or familiar words or phrases.
Monotonic
Linear
Natural compounds produced by bacteria, fungi, or plants, which are not directly involved in the normal growth, development, or reproduction of the organism.
Secondary Metabolites
Provide assessments of pesticide residues on conventional and organic produce.
Several consumer-advocacy organizations, such as the Environmental Working Group and the Pesticide Action Network
Organic produce does beat out conventional when it comes to
Secondary Metabolites
Class of natural chemicals found abundantly in plants that have unique biological effects when consumed.
Polyphenols (one of the reasons eating a diet rich in plants is associated with numerous health benefits such as beneficial effects on the brain, cancer, inflammation, and the cardiovascular system)
Switching from conventional to organic foods would increase polyphenol intake
By the equivalent of one to two servings of fruits and vegetables without any change in actual food or energy intake
A hazardous natural chemical compound that is resistant to biodegradation and thus remains in the environment for a long time.
Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs)
Organic meats, milk, and eggs :
Must come from livestock that are raised on certified organic land, meeting all organic criteria for agriculture; fed 100% organic feed without animal byproducts and synthetic preservatives; raised without antibiotics, growth hormones, or animal byproducts; and allowed year-round access to the outdoors
When discussing conventional meat with clients, two points need to be emphasized:
The accumulation of POPs in animals is an established occurrence but there is little investigation into POP concentrations in conventional and organic meats. If this issue concerns clients and they have barriers toward purchasing organic meats, opting for low-fat meats can help reduce POP exposure due to their accumulation primarily within fat tissue.
An essential omega-3 fatty acid that is converted into EPA and DHA within the body, albeit in limited amounts.
Alpha-Linolenic Acid (ALA)
Refers to animals that have been raised in an ecologically appropriate way; allowed to forage and graze on pasture throughout life.
Grass-Fed and Finished
Certified organic pasture throughout the entire grazing season for the geographic region but, because this time-frame is variable, the overall requirement for grass in the diet is a minimum of 30%
30 percent
Moreover, these rules apply only up until the final 120 days of the cattle’s lives, during which time they can be finished on grain feed (albeit certified organic).
Effect on meat with 120 days of Grain Feeding
Increasing its fat content anywhere from two- to four-fold and altering the fatty acid profile to be higher in monounsaturated fatty acids, lower in polyunsaturated fatty acids, and higher in the ratio of omega-6 to omega-3 fatty acid
Beef from grass-fed and finished cattle
Leaner, contains more omega-3 fatty acids, including EPA and DHA, and vitamins A and E
For individuals who do not like eating seafood rich in EPA and DHA
Beef from grass-fed and finished cattle can help boost their intake
Grass Fed Products: Milk
Directly proportional decreases in saturated fat and increases in mono- and polyunsaturated fats, including conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) and ALA
Grass Fed Products: Eggs
Pastured hens lay eggs with significantly more omega-3 fatty acids, including a notable increase in DHA, less omega-6 fatty acids, and a lower omega-3 to omega-6 ratio than their conventional or organic counterparts . Additionally, eggs from pastured hens contain significantly more vitamin E and bioactive compounds, including lutein and zeaxanthin
pastured eggs had two to three times as much lutein as conventional
A carotenoid that plays an important role within the human brain and retina as an antioxidant.
Lutein
The beneficial effects of polyphenols have been linked to what?
Inflammation management
Cancer prevention
Brain Function
Vascular Health
Beef from grass-fed and finished cattle have noted to have higher concentrations of what?
DHA
Omega 3 Fatty Acids
Vitamins A and E
EPA
Pastured eggs have how much more DHA than conventional eggs?
3.5 Times
