Migration: Looking West, Britain and the Atlantic Flashcards
Which country dominated the early exploration of the New World?
Spain
Which British explorer landed on the coast of North America and returned home without riches?
John Cabot
Name two key Elizabethan explorers
Walter Raleigh and Francis Drake
What is the term used to describe those who stole Spanish gold without permission from the Queen?
Piracy
What is the term used to describe those who stole Spanish gold with permission from the Queen?
Privateering
What is Sir Francis Drake known for?
- circumnavigating the world + preying on Spanish ships along the way
- sailed to America and claimed what is now California
- his encouragement of stealing from the Spanish ships eventually leads to an era of conflict with the Spanish
What is Sir Walter Raleigh known for?
- given the land of Virginia to colonise as a founder of the New World
- has a royal charter to explore, colonise and rule any lands that were ‘remote, heathen and barbarous’
- was Elizabeth I’s favourite
What was Sir John Hawkins known for?
- built up the Elizabethan navy
- founder of the slave trade
What was Sir Henry Morgan known for?
- famous for adventurers who plundered Spain’s Caribbean colonies during the late 17th century
- became the deputy governor of Jamaica
Which religious groups left England for America, desiring greater religious freedom?
Puritans, Quakers and Catholics
What could be grown in America?
Cash crops such as:
- cotton
- tobacco
- sugar
- potatoes
Where else did the British set up plantations other than North America?
West Indies eg: Barbados
What were the push factors pushing people away from Britain during American migration?
- economic problems meant that unemployment was high amongst farmlands and labourer’s wages were low
- some Christian groups faced persecution since King Henry VIII turned the country Protestant
- Emigration due to the English Civil Wars
- Some religious groups wanted to covert North Americans to Christianity
- Famine, Starvation, Overpopulation in England
What were the pull factors pulling people to America during American migration?
- people thought they’d gain living space and land
- the prospect of making more money on cash crops and gold
- livestock sales were also successful
- North American seas were stocked with profitable cod
Why were British plantations important to British factories?
It provided cotton and then the fabric could be resold to the British colonies for further profit
What were indentured servants?
A form of labour a person was contracted through without being paid for a certain amount of years. It was a way of people paying off their debts if they didn’t have any money
What motivated the shift from indentured servants to slaves as the plantation workforce?
The labour was intensive and unpopular, indentured servants were free after their period of service and slavery provided an unpaid workforce
What percentage profit could traders expect from slave trade?
800%
What was the name of the slave trading company that Charles II was a partner in?
Royal African Company
How did Elizabeth I support John Hawkins and his slave trading?
She was a business partner and gave him one of her ships
How were ordinary people involved in the slave trade?
- shipbuilders
- ship unloaders
- workers turning cotton into fabric
- shop owners selling tobacco from the plantations
How much did the British slave trade industry make between 1761 and 1808?
£60 million
Which cities in Britain benefitted from the slave trade?
Port cities such as Liverpool, Glasgow and Bristol
Following the abolition campaign, in what year did Britain abolish the slave trade?
1807
In what year did Britain ban slave ownership throughout the British Empire?
1833
What were the advantages of colonisation?
- religious freedom
- new lands
- new trade prospects
- the monarch and British Empire grew
- positive relations with the Native Americans helped the colonisers survive, eg intermarriage and the New Plymouth settlement
What were the disadvantages of colonisation?
Mainly for Natives:
- were killed by the British who they saw as invaders
- British infected Natives with diseases their immune systems weren’t built for and eventually wiped out their population
- British often attacked and destroyed their crops and villages
What were the Navigation Acts?
A series of laws gave Britain a monopoly on American trade, which meant that Britain could sell goods to the colonies and exports had to go to Britain before being exported
How did the Navigation Acts affect America?
It prevented them from making a profit
Why did the American colonists fall out with Britain?
- Development of independent thinking because colonies had to become self-sufficient whilst the British were focusing on their civil wars
- Differences in government: unhappy with the monarch
- Americans saw themselves as self-made
- the Navigation acts
- Taxation
- The Boston Tea Party
What was the Boston Tea Party?
The British imposed taxes on tea in America, wherein buyers had to pay 3p in taxes to buy said tea. In response, the Americans boarded British ships in Boston and threw off crates of tea worth £11,000 into the harbour. The British responded by banning all town meetings
Why was life difficult in the early settlement of Jamestown in Virginia?
Relied on local tribes, not used to farm work
What was the name for the group of Puritans who arrived on the Mayflower to New Plymouth, Massachusetts?
Pilgrim Fathers
How did the New Plymouth settlement make money?
Cod fishing in the Atlantic
What was the political legacy of the Pilgrim Fathers?
Establishing democratic principles and a constitution, seen as the foundation of the American identity
What was the long-term impact of the English treatment of the Natives?
Now, they only make up 0.7% of the population
Name two acts introduced by the British in order to control the Americans
Navigations Act and the Stamp act
What was the outcome of the Boston Tea Party?
The first congress meeting took place and decided to fight the British
Who supported the American colonists against Britain in the War of Independence?
The French
How many loyalists moved to Canada after the war?
100,000
Which country in the empire did Britain focus on after losing America?
Australia
What was the impact of the war on America?
Independence, but many men were hurt during the fighting, which stunted the growth of industry for years
Did the British colonies in the West Indies and South America stay part of the British empire or gain independence at this time?
Stayed as part of the British empire
In the long term did Britain and America’s relationship improve or decline?
Improve, became trade partners
Who were the Huguenots and why did they have to flee France?
French protestants who held reformist views, were forced to leave France under religious persecution
What is a refugee and why would Huguenots be considered refugees?
Refugees are immigrants who were forced to leave their country due to war so they could be safe in this new country and improve their lives overall. The Huguenots left their country due to religious persecution making them refugees
What was the name of the massacre of the Huguenots in 1572?
St Bartholomew’s Day Massacre
What events in France increased Huguenot emigration?
- Civil war wherein the ruling French Catholics persecuted anyone wanting to follow Protestantism
- August 1572: St Bartholomew’s Day Massacre wherein 73,000 French protestants were killed
- 1598: Henri IV issued a bill of rights for the Huguenots called the Edict of Nantes
- 1685: Louis XIV tore up the Edict of Nantes
What did the Edict of Nantes promise?
Granted Huguenots religious freedom to practice their religion without fear of persecution: now protected by the law
Name three industries that the Huguenots contributed to in Britain
- paper making
- printing banknotes
- watch making
- gun making
- book binding
What were the impacts of Huguenot migration?
- revitalised British industries
- started paper-making businesses, which reduced imports as it now made up 70-80% of the paper supplied, which was previously imported from France
- boosted the country’s arts, businesses and crafts
- France lost many talented craftsmen
Give one example of the negative attitudes of the British towards the Huguenots
They thought they:
- took jobs
- spread disease
- were weird cus they ate snails
Give an example of how Huguenots assimilated into British society
- intermarriage
- changing their surname to sound more British
Under which king did the Ulster Plantations begin?
James I
What were the Ulster plantations begin?
Sending English and Scottish settlers to take over land in the northern part of Ireland in hopes to make the Irish more obedient
How did the Irish perceive the plantations?
Invasion
Which form of Christianity was the majority of Ireland?
Catholic
What were the consequences of the Ulster Plantations?
Fuelled tension and resentment between the settlers and the natives which often resulted in violence and continued for many years
What was the name of the groups many highlanders in Scotland lived in in the early 1700s?
Clan
What form of Christianity were most Scottish Highlanders?
Catholic
Which part of the royal family did they support instead of the new king George?
Stuart
What were the Highland clearances?
The English policy of brutally removing all opposition by eliminating the chiefs and clans who supported the Stuarts. Laws were passed banning bagpipes, home evictions took place and homes were burned down
Why did the English want to clear the Highlands?
To use it for sheep farming instead of strip farming
Name three places the Scots moved to
- Canada
- America
- England
-Scottish cities such as Edinburgh and Glasgow
Name two contributions that Scots made when they moved abroad
Building roads and railways in the colonies, David Livingstone was a great explorer
