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History GCSE AQA > Migration: Conquerors and the Conquered > Flashcards

Migration: Conquerors and the Conquered Flashcards

- The Vikings - Hundred Years War - Angevin Empire

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1
Q

Name 2 groups of people who settled in England before c.750

A
  • Hunter-Gatherers
  • Anglo-Saxons
  • Farmers
  • Beaker people
  • Celts
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2
Q

When did the Vikings first begin to explore then raid countries around them?

A

Mid 700s

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3
Q

Where is the first recorded Viking attack in England?

A

The monastery at Lindisfarne in Northumbria in 793AD

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4
Q

Why did the Vikings move from raiding to settling in Britain?

A

In Scandinavia:
- Poor soil
- Overcrowding
- Only the eldest sons could inherit the land

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5
Q

Which Anglo-Saxon ruled Wessex?

A

Alfred of Wessex/the Great

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6
Q

At which battle did Alfred eventually beat the Vikings?

A

Battle of Edington

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7
Q

What was agreed in the peace deal between the Vikings and the Anglo-Saxons?

A

The Viking leader Guthrum became a Christian and agreed to never attack Wessex again. Alfred accepted the Vikings and settled the boundary

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8
Q

What was the name of the land over which Vikings ruled?

A

Danelaw

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9
Q

Give an example of the influence of Norse in the development of the English language.

A

Days of the week eg: Thursday named after tjor

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10
Q

How did the Anglo-Saxons and the Vikings interact peacefully?

A

Trade and intermarriage

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11
Q

Which kingdom did Athelstan conquer?

A

Northumbria

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12
Q

Why was Alfred’s great-grandson known as Edgar the Peaceful?

A

England was the most settled it had been for generations

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13
Q

What was the North Sea Empire and who was its leader?

A

North Sea Empire consisted of England, Denmark, Norway, and parts of Sweden and it was ruled by King Cnut

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14
Q

Describe King Cnut’s time as King of England

A
  • dealt with opposition harshly
  • viewed England as the main domain and greatest asset
  • introduction of Danish nobles helped to control England
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15
Q

How did the North Sea Empire change England?

A
  • changes to the social hierarchy system
  • improved trading connections
  • stronger relationship with the Church
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16
Q

Who did Aethelred marry?

A

Emma of Normandy

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17
Q

Describe the problems Aethelred faced as king

A
  • was 9 years old when he ascended the throne
  • reign was difficult due to corruption amongst advisors
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18
Q

What agreement did Aethelred make with the Vikings?

A

To pay Danegeld (money paid to the Vikings to leave)

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19
Q

Where did Forkbeard travel from to attack England?

A

Denmark

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20
Q

Why did Forkbeard attack England?

A
  • take revenge
  • wealth of England would improve Vikings status
21
Q

Who was Emma of Normandy and why did Aethelred and Cnut marry her?

A

A powerful figure in the 1000s married two kings and was Queen Consort through her marriage alliances

22
Q

Why was Matilda (daughter of Henry 1) queenship challenged?

A

She was a woman and people thought that it was unfit for a woman to be the Monarch of a nation. Consequently usurped by her cousin Stephen

23
Q

Why were the marriages of Emma of Normandy and Queen Matilda important in terms of empire?

A

Queen Emma: united Normandy with England
Queen Matilda: united England with Anjou, France

24
Q

Describe Cnut and Aethelred’ s rivalry

A
  • Cnut was Forkbeard’s son
  • He took the throne after Forkbeard’s death but was fought off by Aethelred who came to reclaim his throne
  • After Aethelred died in 1016, his son Edmund ascended the throne but was overthrown by Cnut
25
Q

Who was Edward the Confessor?

A
  • Aethelred’ s son
  • ascended the throne because the public hated both of Cnut’s sons
  • considered himself more French than British having spent more time there
  • died having left no clear heir to the throne
26
Q

Who were the three contenders to the throne and how were they related to Edward the confessor?

A
  • Harold Godwinson: Edward’s brother in law
  • William the Conqueror: Edward’s distant cousin + claimed Edward had promised him the throne before he died
  • Harold Hardrada: King of Norway, family were descendants of King Cnut
27
Q

Who was the victorious contender and why?

A

William of Normandy because of his military skillset + weaknesses of Harold Godwinson’s army who’d previously fought Harold Hardrada at Stamford Bridge

28
Q

How did England change under the Norman rule?

A
  • built castles
  • used the French language, which made it the language of the nobles and those of a higher status
  • built churches and cathedrals
  • introduced the feudal system and the Doomsday book
  • made his loyal followers Barons and Knights in England + gave them property and land
  • used violence to destroy the opposition
29
Q

Who was the first king of the Angevin Empire?

A

Henry II

30
Q

What was the significance of the Norman Empire?

A

Short term:
- taxes paid to French
- Anglo-Saxons became second-class citizens
Long term:
- changed architecture
- introduced the Feudal system
- impacted language

31
Q

How was the Angevin Empire formed and expanded?

A
  • hereditary ties to Anjou and Maine
  • Aquitaine through marriage
  • Brittany and Ireland through conquest
32
Q

How was Henry II able to invade Ireland?

A

In 1171, Irish Lod asked Henry II for assistance: a team of barons travelled to Ireland to help. The barons took opportunity to seize the land. Henry II visited in 1171 and was declared the Overlord

33
Q

Describe the impacts of the Angevin Empire

A
  • trade between nations
  • culture + language
  • political-international control
  • social patterns
34
Q

Why did the Angevin Empire decline under Richard I and John I?

A

Richard I: spent his time on crusades
John I: had too many opponents who seized the opportunity to launch attacks

35
Q

Why was the Angevin Empire significant?

A
  • Henry II seen as Europe’s most powerful leader at the time
  • largest Empire an English King ruled over
  • changed the way England was seen
  • changed England and Ireland’s relationship
36
Q

Why did the Angevin Empire fall?

A
  • John being a poor military commander
  • King Phillip II conquering parts of France John ruled
  • loss of support
37
Q

When did the 100 years war occur?

A

between 1337-1453

38
Q

Why did England go to war against France in 1337?

A
  • Edward III wanted more power + prove that he was stronger than his father
  • France threatened to cut trade: Flanders wool
  • England controlled the Gascony wine area
  • hereditary ties with France through Grandfather
  • conflict with Scotland who supported the French
39
Q

How did the 100 years war impact the English identity?

A
  • separation from mainland Europe after losing majority of land
  • shared language (stopped speaking French as it was the enemy language)
  • sense of pride through victorious battles eg: Battle of Agincourt
40
Q

Name one battle that occurred during the 100 years war

A
  • Battle of Crecy
  • Battle of Poiters
  • Battle of Agincourt
41
Q

Why did John I have a poor relationship with the Barons?

A
  • imposed heavy taxes on the Barons to pay back his debts from funding the war
  • If the barons refused, he took away their property and responded with violence
42
Q

Why were the barons unhappy with the way that John I was ruling the country?

A
  • poor military leadership and losing territory
  • raising taxes
  • ignoring his advisors
  • horror at the idea that he could murder his own nephew
  • quarreling with the Pope
43
Q

Why did Henry V decide to fight at the battle of Agincourt?

A

Henry V wanted to make the war with France focus of his reign and was determined to regain lost territories in France

44
Q

Describe the consequences of the Battle of Agincourt

A
  • between 700-1000 French soldiers killed as compared to the 100 English soldiers
  • gave England the momentum they required to gain back lost land –> basically restored hope
45
Q

What was the significance of John’s reign to England?

A
  • saw the end of the Angevin Empire
  • left England’s economy in ruins
  • reign saw the creation of the Magna Carta
46
Q

What was the Magna Carta?

A

A Great Charter drawn up by barons detailing the changes they wanted, which would distribute some of the King’s power to said, barons:
- gave every free man the right to a fair and just trial
- respecting the rights of the Church
- stopped unfair taxes

47
Q

What were the impacts of the loss of the Angevin Empire?

A
  • Magna Carta formed: start of a partial democracy
  • had to increase taxes
  • power of the King decreased
  • England started to move away from French traditions
48
Q

What were the short term outcomes of the Hundred years war?

A
  • English lost all of their French territory except Calais
  • A treaty formed between France and England
  • Destruction of areas that had to face battle
  • Damaged economy of both countries involved
  • death of many soldiers from both sides
49
Q

What were the long term impacts of the 100 years war?

A
  • Military Impact: focus shifted from cavalry to archers
  • France became one unified country
  • increase in nationalism
  • a better system of taxation established
  • increase in gunpowder

History GCSE AQA (12 decks)

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