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History GCSE AQA > Conflict and Tension: 1919-39: the LoN and International Peace > Flashcards

Conflict and Tension: 1919-39: the LoN and International Peace Flashcards

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1
Q

What were the aims of the League of Nations?

A
  • to stop wars
  • to encourage disarmament
  • to make the world a better place by improving people’s working conditions + tackling disease
  • collective security
  • arbitration which meant helping countries talk through disputes rather than go to war
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2
Q

Describe the organisation of the LoN

A
  • an assembly that met annually
  • a council that met regularly to consider crises
  • Court of International Justice
  • Committees such as the International Labour Organisation and Health Committee for humanitarian work
  • Secretariat: carried out the work of the league, like a civil service
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3
Q

Which country didn’t join the league?

A

America

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4
Q

Which countries took on leadership roles in the league?

A

Britain and France

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5
Q

Why were the two leader countries not very committed to their leadership of the League?

A

They were busy rebuilding their own countries and economy

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6
Q

Why didn’t America join the league?

A

The Senate rejected the LoN:
- saw the league as connected to the ToV
- Many thought that people should live in democracies and didn’t want to support Britain and France which held colonies
- Wilson’s political enemies wanted to make him unpopular
- Many wanted America to stay out of political affairs of Europe: isolationism

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7
Q

What three actions could the League take if a country broke a rule?

A
  • economic sanctions
  • military action
  • moral condemnation
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8
Q

Why weren’t the sanctions placed by the League effective?

A
  • Countries could continue to trade with America
  • Moral condemnation was limited
  • league had no army
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9
Q

What are some of the strengths of the League of Nations?

A
  • set up by the ToV which meant every nation has signed onto it
  • to enforce its will, could offer: arbitration through court of justice, OR apply trade sanctions against countries that went to war
  • 58 member nations by the 1930s
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10
Q

What were some of the weaknesses of the League of Nations?

A
  • aims too ambitious
  • set up by ToV which every nation hated
  • Germany, Russia, and USA weren’t members
  • no army
  • complicated structure
  • Decisions have to be unanimous
  • Court of Justice had no way to enforce its rulings
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11
Q

Give two examples of the League contributing to keeping peace in the 1920

A
  • 1921: Solving the dispute of the Aaland islands between Sweden and Finland
    -1921: A referendum was held for upper Silesia for citizens to choose whether they wanted to be ruled by Germany or Poland, and they ended up dividing the area between the two countries which both sides accepted
  • 1925: Greece agreed to withdraw from Bulgaria upon orders from the League
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12
Q

Give two examples of successes in improving people’s living conditions by the League

A
  • helping return refugees to their homes after WW1
  • working to end slavery; freed 200,000 slaves in Sierra Leonne
  • helping deal with diseases
  • Education about health and sanitation
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13
Q

What were some of the League’s early failures in the 1920s?

A
  • 1921: Poland refused to withdraw from the capital of Lithuania: Vilma which is what the League instructed them to do. The League was helpless and did nothing to combat the refusal
  • 1923: Mussolini ignored the League’s orders to pull out of Corfu and made Greece pay Italy (the clear aggressors) money
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14
Q

Which two countries were involved with the Locarno treaties which weren’t a part of the League at this time?

A

Germany and Russia

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15
Q

What were the Locarno Treaties?

A

Treaties proposed by the German foreign minister proposed that Germany’s western borders set at Versailles should be permanent. However, nothing was said about Germany’s eastern borders

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16
Q

How did the Locarno Treaties help Germany get into the ToV?

A
  • showed that Germany was moving on from the feelings of resentment
  • which meant it could be treated more like an equal
17
Q

What was the Kellogg-Briand pact?

A

65 nations agreed not to use ‘aggression’ as a method of settling arguments

18
Q

What were some weaknesses of the Kellogg-Briand pact?

A
  • not clear on what ‘aggression’ included
  • no one knew what would happen if the pact was broken
19
Q

In what year was the Great Depression?

A

1929

20
Q

What did America do after the Wall Street crash?

A

Called back loans

21
Q

What happened in the Wall Street Crash?

A
  • Many American companies overproduced, which led to increased supply for a stagnant demand
  • In 1929, the American stock market crashed, and people realised that companies were doing badly and rushed to sell their shares
  • Selling increased exponentially, which meant that no one wanted to buy the shares
  • which caused businesses to collapse
22
Q

What consequences did the Wall Street Crash have on other countries?

A
  • their economies crashed
  • Countries began to focus on themselves and were less willing to help out in the League
  • Many people were more willing to turn towards the right-wing leaders, who promised them a strong government
23
Q

When was the disarmament conference?

A

1932 - 1934

24
Q

When the League couldn’t get other countries to agree to disarm, what did Hitler do?

A
  • left the League
  • began to openly rearm
  • which caused other countries to do the same
25
Q

What were the causes of the Manchurian crisis?

A
  • Japan’s economy was in decline bc of the Great Depression
  • this lead to military leaders calling for military expansion to strengthen their countries
26
Q

Why did the Japanese choose Manchuria to invade?

A
  • geographically close
  • Japanese industry and railway already established there
  • history of confusion as to who owned Manchuria
27
Q

Describe the sequence of events that occurred during the Manchurian crisis

A
  • September 1931: J uses a railway explosion as an excuse to capture Mukden + take over Manchuria
  • The Japanese pretended to give Manchuria independence by establishing a puppet leader so they could control Manchuria
  • LoN sent Lord Lytton to assess the situation + produce a report on it, which said the Japanese were in the wrong
  • The League didn’t react to this + failed to stop the crisis
  • Japan refused the Lytton report & left the League
28
Q

Why couldn’t the League do anything about Japan’s behaviour?

A
  • Economic sanctions were useless without America
  • Britain wanted to maintain a good relationship with Japan
  • no one would risk their armies
29
Q

What did the Manchurian crisis reveal about the League?

A

It was powerless if a strong nation acted aggressively. Hitler and Mussolini took this on board

30
Q

What were the consequences of the Manchurian Crisis for the LoN?

A
  • One of the league’s own members had ignored its moral condemnations and instructions to withdraw
  • Japan was an important trading partner for many countries, making them reluctant to put sanctions/ stop selling weapons. This suggested that the countries wouldn’t support the league if it was against their own interests. The depression worsened the situation, as countries wanted to focus on their own economies
  • countries unwilling to take military action: unpopular + expensive
  • League’s failure to act showed dictators like Hitler its obvious weaknesses
31
Q

Why was the Abyssinian Crisis different from the Manchurian crisis?

A

Italy was in Europe

32
Q

Why did Mussolini invade Abyssinia?

A
  • Italy had been defeated by Abyssinia in 1896; revenge
  • Success would divert people’s attention from the Depression & boost M’s popularity
  • Mussolini dreamed of making Italy a great empire again and had seen Japan succeed with Manchuria in 1931, which gave him confidence
  • Abyssinia abundant with natural resources
33
Q

Describe the events that happened in the Abyssinian crisis

A
  • October 1935: Mussolini sent troops with heavy artillery and tanks to invade Abyssinia
  • Halle Selassie, Abyssinian leader appealed directly to the LoN
  • LoN imposed economic sanctions but delayed banning oil, in case the US didn’t support them
  • Britain and France didn’t close the Suez Canal to the Italians so supplies got through despite sanctions
  • December 1935: News leaked about the Hoare-Laval Pact secret pact made by British foreign sec. + France prime minister to give Abyssinia to Italy
  • May 1936: Italy conquered the whole of Abyssinia
34
Q

What was the Hoare-Laval pact?

A

A secret deal between the British and French foreign ministers to give Italy 2/3 of Abyssinia

35
Q

What were the consequences of the Hoare-Laval pact being leaked?

A
  • Hoare and Laval sacked
  • viewed as an act of treachery against the League
  • Sanctions on oil lost all momentum
  • America blocked a move to support League’s action
36
Q

Why did Britain and France turn a blind eye to Italy building up its troops whilst it was meant to be negotiating with the League to settle the dispute?

A

They wanted good relations with Mussolini against Hitler

37
Q

What was the Stresa Pact?

A

A pact between Britain, France, and Italy to see Germany as a common enemy

38
Q

What were the failures of the League during the Abyssinian crisis?

A
  • B + F didn’t close the Suez Canal in time because they didn’t want to upset Mussolini
  • Hoare-Laval pact meant that members of the League were willing to undermine it for their own interests, which ruined the League’s reputation
39
Q

Why did the League of Nations eventually fail?

A
  • USA’s refusal to join
  • no military
    -reliance on moral condemnations and trade sanctions, which weren’t as effective because the USA can still trade with them
  • League’s structure was complicated and only met once a year
  • Decisions had to be unanimous, which slowed the whole process
  • unrealistically ambitious
  • depression allowed the rise of extremist dictators, such as Hitler and Mussolini, who sought glory and conquest
  • depression also made countries more isolated and the league depended on internationalism
  • Trigger causes: Manchurian and Abyssinian crisis

History GCSE AQA (12 decks)

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