Migration Flashcards
Why is Migration IMPORTANT?
Fertility+Mortality+Migration!
Migration can increase or decrease population size FAR more quickly than either mortality or fertility
What is Migration?
- It is a permanent change in residence
- further, it involves the “detachment from the organization of activities at one place and the movement of the total round of activities to another”
Internal Migration means what?
-permanent change of residence w/in the same country (short-distance mobility and true internal migration)
Short-distance mobility
moving from one HOUSE to another w/in the same geographic unit (neighborhood, city, county, state)
True Internal migration
moving between geographic units (neighborhoods, cities, countries, states, regions)
International Migration means what?
A permanent move from one country to another
In-Migration (key term)
the flow of population movement into the area of interest (in-migrant)
What is an individual mover that is moving into the area called?
Individual mover into the area is an IN-migrant
Out-Migration (key term)
the flow of population movement out of the area of interest (out-migrant)
What are two measures of migration?
Net Migration and Total Migration
Net-Migration
the number of in-migrants - the number of out-migrants
What does Net-Migration indicate?
indicates the net loss or gain associated with migration into and out of a SINGLE LOCATION
In-Migrants + #out-migrations =
Total Migration-the potential impact on population composition
- measures the total volume (flow) of migration
- indicates how closely linked two locales are by virtue of sharing migration flows and counterflows
In the Push-Pull “Theory” of Migration what are the PUSH factors?
:stresses and strains that push people out of their current place of residence
In the Push-Pull “Theory” of Migration what are the PULL factors?
:factors that draw people towards a more attractive destination
In the Push-Pull “Theory” of Migration what are the INTERVIEWING factors?
:Factors that either raise or lower the social or economic costs of making a move
- obstacles
- facilitators
What are forms of Migrant Selectivity and its effects?
Some forms of Migrant Selectivity are:
- Age
- Employment
- Social Economic Status (income increases mobility)
- Education (esp long distance mobility)
What are some other selectivity (migrant) factors?
Marital Status -both working -changes in marital status Children -ties to schools, friends, activities Homeownership Length of Residence -Sentimental attachment Race -similar levels of mobility across race
Propensity to Migrate
- individual human capital attributes
- individual risk-taking traits
- household characteristics and resources
- household/family migration norms
- community characteristics
- community migration networks
Motivation to Migrate
- Benefits (goals) of migration
- Costs/constraints of migration
Decision to Migrate
-migration intentions —> Migration behavior
Conceptual models of Migration Decision Making (3 Key Points)
1) Propensity to Migrate
2) Motivation to Migrate
3) Decision to Migrate
What percent of the world’s population is living in a foreign country? (international migration)
3% of world’s population is living in a foreign country
What are three key facts in regards to International Migration?
- About 3% of world population are migrants (actually a small number)
- > 160 M people living outside of country of birth in 2000 (120M in 1990)
- Majority of plantet (7B) never cross a national border
Those who do migrate tend to move where?
Those who do migrate tend to move short distances to nearby country.
What are 3 International Migration Reasons?
1) Vary Widely
2) Push factors: Response to UNEQUAL OPPORTUNITIES (ie disparity) between sending and receiving countries
- economic (jobs income)
- social (refugee/war/racial or religious oppression)
3) Pull factors: Potential for future earnings
- sending one family member like an insurance policy
- remittances
International Migration
permanent move from one country to another
International Migrants
- legal immigrants- governmental permission to be there
- undocumented immigrants - no govt permission
- refugees
- Asylees
What is the difference between a refugee and a asylees?
Refugees- UN def: any person who is outside his/her country of nationality and unable or unwilling to return bc of persecution
Asylees- a refugee who is already in the country to which they are applying for admission
What 5 Countries officially admit international migrants as permanent residents?
1) US (800,000)
2) Canada
3) Australia
4) Israel
5) New Zealand (35,000)
Are our conceptions about illegal immigration true?
No, legal routes more common than illegal.
Who has the biggest recipient of immigrants?
Immigration accounts for 1/3 of US population growth per year
(that means over 800,000 legal immigrants per year, 300,000 to 500,000 undocumented migrants, only about 200,000 emigrate per year)
Immigrants (types of IN-MIGRANTS)
- hold permanent visa to stay in the US
- eligible to become a citizen after 5 yrs
- includes refugees and asylees
Non immigrants (types of IN-MIGRANTS)
- hold visas to remain in US temporarily
- eg students, temp workers, tourists
Undocumented / unauthorized migrants
- foreign citizens in the US with no valid visa
- 60% cross a border illegally, 40% enter under other status (as nonimmigrants) and overstay their visa
How many eras of US immigration law were there?
- Open Door/ Laissez Faire (1776-1875)
- Era of Qualitative Restrictions (1876-1920)
- Era of Qualitative Restrictions( 1921-1964)
- Era of Reform (1965- 1979)
- Era of perpetual Revisions (1980-present)
- Open Door/ Laissez Faire (1776-1875)
- Era of Qualitative Restrictions (1876-1920)
- Era of Qualitative Restrictions( 1921-1964)
- Era of Reform (1965- 1979)
- Era of perpetual Revisions (1980-present)
- Everybody Welcome
- Certain people not welcome (esp Asians)
- Most people unwelcome- except guestworkers from Mexico
- Civil Rights era- Asians and Latinos are okay now
Where did the first immigrant hail from?
N and W Europe (19th century: England, Ireland, Scotland, Sweden, Germany)
Post Civil War, there was more land to settle and as reaction to that what happened?
-new influx of labor migration (late 19th and early 20th)
When did peak immigration occur?
peak immigartion occured in 1900-1910
(one in ten Americans were immigrants!)
-14% of US were foreign born (in 2010 came close to that again 13%)
