Fertility Flashcards
How do populations change?
The Demographic Balancing Equation:
POPULATION = FERTILITY+MORTALITY+MIGRATION
What does it mean to be a global citizen?
The idea that you are one among many.
As of Sept. 28, 2012– What was the US population? The World?
US Pop. 314 million
World Pop. 7 billion
What does a demographic transition model traditionally describes?
A population tends to progress through as it moves from high mortality and fertility rates to low mortality and fertility rates.
What is the general World reaction to global population policy?
- Most countries have a population policy
- 5 international population conferences
- assumption that population growth is automatically/economically bad.
What are the 2 related meanings when you hear the word Fertility?
1) The # of births occurring to an individual woman
2) The # of births occurring in a population
What does Fecundity mean?
the physiological capacity to produce children
What does Fertility mean?
the actual reproductive behavior of a woman, a couple, of a population.
Why measure Fertility? (2 purposes)
- Population Additions: asses the relative # of ppl added to a population in a given time
- Behavioral Differences; asses childbearing behavior for otherwise similar women in different populations.
What do Rates measure?
Measures used to convey the # of events occuring out of the # “at risk” of such an event during a specific period of time.
What does CBR stand for?
Crude Birth Rate
What is the Crude Birth Rate equation? (MEASURING FERTILITY PT1)
CBR = (# of births/ total population) x 1000
CBR advantages (MEASURING FERTILITY PT1)
- good for looking at fertilit’s contribution to population growth
- ok for comparing populations
CBR disadvantages (MEASURING FERTILITY PT1)
-not a good basis for comparing behaviors because it ignores age and sex structure of a population
What does TFR stand for?
Total Fertility Rate- the average number of children the women in a population will have over their lifetime if exposed to the currently prevailing age-specific fertility rates.
What is the Total Fertility Rate Equation?
TFR= ASFR x 5 (ASFR = Age specific fertility rates)
What is the most commonly used (useful) measure of fertility?
Total Fertility Rate (TFR) it measures the number of children a woman will have by the end of her child bearing years
How do you measure the average number of births required for couples to replace themselves in the population?
Replacement-level fertility
What are Bongaarts 4 main “proximate determinants” of fertility? (the factors affecting lower fertility)
1) level of use of contraception
2) Age of marriage
3) Prevalence of abortion
4) levels of involuntary in-fecundity (esp. due to breast feeding)
What factors are nessary to lower fertility rates? (3)
- the acceptance of calculated choice as a valid element infertility
- the perception that reduction of fertility is advantages
- knowledge + mastery of the techniques to control fertility
What are some reason why poor families have many children?
- children as rsources (labor income ect)
- powerlessness of women, men-> son pref.
- religion, social class, culture
- lack of health services
In underdeveloped countries at age 15 what has a boy already accomplished?
Through his work; has already repaid the investment his family have made in him.
What were specific goals emerging from the 1994 Cairo Conference?
- raise status of women
- improve family planning and general reproductive health
- develop initatives for sustainable development
Define sustainable development.
economic development manner that does not exhaust or permanently degrade the natural resources available to a population.
What was INDIA’S early population campaign?
1952: first country to launch family planning campaign
What was CHINA’S early population campaign?
One-child rule implemented in the 1970s, fertility was already declining.
What was KENYA’S early population campaign?
first sub-Saharan African family planning campaign (late 1960s)
