Chronic Diseases

Question 1

According to Epigenetics, what is determined in the first 1000 days of life?

Answer 1

Half of your lifetime health

Question 2

What is Epigenetics?

Answer 2

A Stably inherited phenotype resulting from changes in a chromosome without alterations in the DNA sequence

Question 3

In an Epigenetics study they fed one mouse a calorie-restricted diet and one mom mouse a normal diet, what were the results of this test?

Answer 3

The offspring of the calorie-restricted mother grew to be larger and had yellow fur compared to the normal sized/ brown mouse.

Question 4

In the Epigenetics, what did scientists discover in the Dutch Famine Birth Cohort Study?

Answer 4

These pregnant mothers were under nutrition due to the DHW and as result at birth all the children had lower birth rates, higher neonatal mortality rates, higher rates of infection.

Question 5

What are Chronic Diseases?

Answer 5

Ongoing illnesses or conditions that are generally not curable (eg heart disease, cancer, diabetes, arthritis)

Question 6

How many people do Chronic Diseases affect?

Answer 6

Almost half of all Americans (133 million in 2005)

Question 7

What accounts for 70% of all deaths?

Answer 7

Chronice Disease- it acconts for one-third of the years potential life lost before age 65

Question 8

In 1900 what was the leading causes of death?

Answer 8

Pneumonia, influenza, TB, diarrhea

Question 9

In 1925 what was the leading causes of death?

Answer 9

Heart disease, pneumonia, nephritis, cancer

Question 10

In 1950 what was the leading causes of death?

Answer 10

Heart disease, cancer, stroke, accidents

Question 11

In 2000 what was the leading causes of death?

Answer 11

Heart disease, cancer, stroke, COPD

Question 12

In terms of worldwide, chronic disease are the leading cause of death in many countries but not in the poorest ones, how does this impact low and middle income countries?

Answer 12

Worldwide chronic disease was 60% of all deaths, but in low and middle impact countries chronic disease is the culprit for 80% of all deaths.

Question 13

What percentage of women have not been adequately checked for cervical cancer?

Answer 13

80% of women

Question 14

What are some links as to causes of increases of chronic disease in poorer countries?

Answer 14

• link with infectious diseases and infections
• reproductive health related cancers
• lack of prevention
• changes in lifestyle, finances, cultural norms

Question 15

Is funding disproportionate for chronic disease in low and middle income countries?

Answer 15

Yes, the leading cause of death in these countries is Cancer, yet the most funding goes to HIV/AIDS and cancer’s funding is dead last.

Question 16

How much does Chronic disease account for all deaths in Africa?

Answer 16

23% of all deaths come from Chronic disease.

Question 17

Does the World Health organization recognize morphine as essential pain medication?

Answer 17

Yes, but access to the drug depends largely on where you live.

Question 18

How much morphine do high-income countries consume?

Answer 18

They consume 90% of the world’s morphine supply, but 70% of deaths from cancer occur in low/middle income countries.

Question 19

Are more smokers in low-income countries or high-income countries?

Answer 19

80% of smokers live in low/middle income countires

Question 20

What are some strategies for tobacco control and prevention in the US?

Answer 20

• smoking bans in public places
• health warnings
• advertising bans

Question 21

What is the Federal Tobacco Tax?

Answer 21

• 62 cent increase to every dollar

- funds children’s health insurance programs

Question 22

What is Washington’s standpoint on tobacco control?

Answer 22

• smoke free public places
• bans smoking in public places (indoor)
• bans smoking outdoors w/in 25 feet of doors

Question 23

Is tobacco shifting the burden from rich to poor?

Answer 23

More and more people in developing countries are taking up smoking, while people in developed nations are quitting.

Question 24

In Indonesia, who makes up 3% of the smoking population?

Answer 24

3% of 5-9 year olds are smokers.

Question 25

Do Chronic diseases affect men and women equally?

Answer 25

Yes almost, women -47%

men- 53%

Question 26

What are some “Environmental” risk factors for chronic disease?

Answer 26

• epigenetics
• tobacco/food advertising (kids)
• food outlets everywhere
• high fat/high suagr/energy-dense foods
• large portion sizes
• car dependence
• unsafe public places

Question 27

What does disadvantage and deprivation result in?

Answer 27

Stress, which can turn into chronic stress-> Chronic Cortisol-> vital organs and body systems-> disease

Question 28

What are global increases in obesity due to?

Answer 28

a global shift in diet towards increased intake of energy dense foods that are high in fat and sugars and low in vitamins, minerals, and other micronutrients. Also a trend towards decreased physical activity.