Chronic Diseases Flashcards
According to Epigenetics, what is determined in the first 1000 days of life?
Half of your lifetime health
What is Epigenetics?
A Stably inherited phenotype resulting from changes in a chromosome without alterations in the DNA sequence
In an Epigenetics study they fed one mouse a calorie-restricted diet and one mom mouse a normal diet, what were the results of this test?
The offspring of the calorie-restricted mother grew to be larger and had yellow fur compared to the normal sized/ brown mouse.
In the Epigenetics, what did scientists discover in the Dutch Famine Birth Cohort Study?
These pregnant mothers were under nutrition due to the DHW and as result at birth all the children had lower birth rates, higher neonatal mortality rates, higher rates of infection.
What are Chronic Diseases?
Ongoing illnesses or conditions that are generally not curable (eg heart disease, cancer, diabetes, arthritis)
How many people do Chronic Diseases affect?
Almost half of all Americans (133 million in 2005)
What accounts for 70% of all deaths?
Chronice Disease- it acconts for one-third of the years potential life lost before age 65
In 1900 what was the leading causes of death?
Pneumonia, influenza, TB, diarrhea
In 1925 what was the leading causes of death?
Heart disease, pneumonia, nephritis, cancer
In 1950 what was the leading causes of death?
Heart disease, cancer, stroke, accidents
In 2000 what was the leading causes of death?
Heart disease, cancer, stroke, COPD
In terms of worldwide, chronic disease are the leading cause of death in many countries but not in the poorest ones, how does this impact low and middle income countries?
Worldwide chronic disease was 60% of all deaths, but in low and middle impact countries chronic disease is the culprit for 80% of all deaths.
What percentage of women have not been adequately checked for cervical cancer?
80% of women
What are some links as to causes of increases of chronic disease in poorer countries?
- link with infectious diseases and infections
- reproductive health related cancers
- lack of prevention
- changes in lifestyle, finances, cultural norms
Is funding disproportionate for chronic disease in low and middle income countries?
Yes, the leading cause of death in these countries is Cancer, yet the most funding goes to HIV/AIDS and cancer’s funding is dead last.
How much does Chronic disease account for all deaths in Africa?
23% of all deaths come from Chronic disease.
Does the World Health organization recognize morphine as essential pain medication?
Yes, but access to the drug depends largely on where you live.
How much morphine do high-income countries consume?
They consume 90% of the world’s morphine supply, but 70% of deaths from cancer occur in low/middle income countries.
Are more smokers in low-income countries or high-income countries?
80% of smokers live in low/middle income countires
What are some strategies for tobacco control and prevention in the US?
- smoking bans in public places
- health warnings
- advertising bans
What is the Federal Tobacco Tax?
- 62 cent increase to every dollar
- funds children’s health insurance programs
What is Washington’s standpoint on tobacco control?
- smoke free public places
- bans smoking in public places (indoor)
- bans smoking outdoors w/in 25 feet of doors
Is tobacco shifting the burden from rich to poor?
More and more people in developing countries are taking up smoking, while people in developed nations are quitting.
In Indonesia, who makes up 3% of the smoking population?
3% of 5-9 year olds are smokers.
Do Chronic diseases affect men and women equally?
Yes almost, women -47%
men- 53%
What are some “Environmental” risk factors for chronic disease?
- epigenetics
- tobacco/food advertising (kids)
- food outlets everywhere
- high fat/high suagr/energy-dense foods
- large portion sizes
- car dependence
- unsafe public places
What does disadvantage and deprivation result in?
Stress, which can turn into chronic stress-> Chronic Cortisol-> vital organs and body systems-> disease
What are global increases in obesity due to?
a global shift in diet towards increased intake of energy dense foods that are high in fat and sugars and low in vitamins, minerals, and other micronutrients. Also a trend towards decreased physical activity.
