Midterms Exam Reviewer M1S1 Flashcards
is a systematic process that includes phases such as planning, Analysis, Design, Deployment and Maintenance.
System Development
Major Components of System Development:
- System Analysis
- System Design
Refers to the process of examining Business Situation with the intent of improving it with better procedure and methods
System Development
is the process of planning a new business system or one to replace or complement an existing system.
System Design
Gathering and interpreting facts, diagnosing problems and using the information to recommend improvements to the system.
System Analysis
may be referred to as any set of components which function in an interrelated manner for a common cause or objective.
System
System is Derived from the Greek Word “______”
Systema
this means an organized relationship among functioning units or components.
Systema
is an orderly grouping of interdependent components linked together according to a plan to achieve a specific objective.
System
Characteristics of a system:
- Organization
- Interdependence
- Central objective
- Interaction
- Integration
It implies structure and order
Organization
it is the arrangement of components that helps to achieve objectives.
Organization
refers to the manner in which each component functions with other components
Interaction
this means that part of the organization or computer system depend on one another. they are coordinated and linked together according to plan
interdependence
refers to the holism of system. synthesis follows analysis to achieve central objectives of the organization. “__________” is concerned how a system is tied together.
Integration
it means that parts of the system work together within the system even though each part performs a unique function. successful “_____________” will typically produce synergistic effect and greater total impact than if each component works separately;
Integration
the last characteristic of a system is its “_______________”
Central Objective
“______________” may be real or stated. although a stated “_____________” may be the real “_____________”, it is not uncommon for an organization to state one objective and operate to achieve another.
Objective
user must know the “__________________” of a computer application early in the analysis for a successful design and conversion
Central Objectives
Elements of a System:
Input -> Processor (Control) -> Output -> Feedback
Boundaries and interfaces (Output)
Environment
a major objective of a system is to produce an “_______” that has value to its user.
Output
are the elements (Materials, Human Resources and information) that enters the system for processing
Input
is the outcome of processing
Output
is the element of a system that involves the actual transformation of input into output.
Processor
It is the operational component of a system.
Processor
“___________” may modify the input totally or partially, depending on the specification of the output.
Processor
as the output specification change so does the “___________”. in some cases, input is also modified to enable the “______________” to handle the transformation.
Processor
element that guides the system. it is the decision - making subsystem that “__________” the pattern of activities governing input, processing and output
Control
Control in a dynamic system is achieve by “______________”
Feedback
Measures output against a standard in some form of cybernetic procedure that includes communication and control.
Feedback
may be positive or negative, routing or informational.
Feedback
reinforces the performance of the system.
Positive Feedback
generally provides the controller with information for action.
Negative Feedback
is the “suprasystem” within which an organization operates. it is the source of external elements that impinge on the system
Environment
it often determines how a system must function.
Environment
a system should be define by its “_________” the limits that identify its components, processes and interrelationship when it interfaces with another system.
Boundaries
each system has “________” that determines its sphere of influence and control.
Boundaries
Types of System:
- Physical or Abstract
- Open or Closed
- “Man Made” Information system
the use of “_______” makes it easier for the analyst to visualize relationships in the system under study. the objective is to point out the significant elements and the key interrelationships of a complex system;
Models
are non-physical entities or conceptual that may be formulas, representation or model of a real system.
Abstract System
a programmed Computer is a “____________” Data, programs, output, and applications change as the user’s demands or the priority of the information requested changes;
Dynamic System
are tangible entities that may be static or dynamic in operations.
Physical System
has many interfaces with its environment. it permits interaction across its boundary; it receives inputs from and Delivers output to the outside.
Open System
is isolated from environmental influences;
in reality a completely “_________” is rare. in systems analysis, organizations, applications and computers are invariably open, dynamic systems influenced by their environment
Closed System
Important Characteristics of open systems:
- Input From Outside
- Entropy
- Process, output and cycles
- Differentiation
- Equi-Finality
open systems are self-adjusting and self regulating
Input from Outside
all dynamic systems tend to run down overtime, resulting in “________” or loss of energy.
Entropy
open systems produce useful output and operate in cycles, following a continuous path
Process, Output and Cycles
Open Systems have a tendency toward an increasing specialization of functions and a greater “__________” of their component
Differentiation
The term implies that goals are achieved through differing courses of action and a variety of paths
Equi-Finality
is the basis for interaction between the user and the analyst. it provides instruction, commands and feedback
Information System
it determines the nature of the relationships among decision makers. it may be viewed as a decision center for personnel at all levels
Information system
may be defined as a set of devices, procedures and operating systems designed around user-based criteria to produce information and communicate it to the user for planning, control and performance
Information System
is based on the organization represented by the organization chart. the chart is a map of position and their authority relationships, indicated by boxes and connected by straight lines. it is concerned with the pattern of authority, communication, and workflow.
Formal Information System
Various business “__________” are used to show the benefits of abstracting complex system to model form.
System Models
The Major Models:
- Schematic
- Flow
- Static
- Dynamic Models
is a two dimensional chart depicting system elements and their linkages. different arrows are used to depict information flow, material flow and information feedback. various elements of the system are depicted in boxes.
Schematic Models
shows the flow of the material, energy and information that hold the system together. there is an orderly flow of logic in such model.
Flow System Model
in this model a widely known example is PERT
Flow System Models
Meaning of PERT?
Program Evaluation and Review Technique
is used to abstract a real-world system in model form, manipulate specific values to determine the critical path, interpret the relationships and
relay them back as a control. The probability of completion within a period is considered in connection with time, resources, and performance specifications;
PERT
a type of model that exhibits one pair of relationships such as activity-time or cost-quantity
Static System
Example of a Static system model?
Gantt chart
Categories of information:
- Strategic Information
- Tactical/Managerial Information
- Operational Information
Levels of Management:
- Top Level Management
- Middle Level Management
- Lower Level Management
they make decisions affecting the entirety of the firm.
Top Level Management
They are responsible for carrying out the goals set by top management
Middle Level Management
they are responsible for the daily management of line workers the employees who produce the product or offer the service.
Lower Level Management
- Big Picture and Long term focused (2 to 5+ years_
- Vision, Mission, Why, Policies and Direction
- Executive Management
- What is the right direction for the company
Strategic
- Short-term focused (3months to 2 years)
- Focused on specific business department
- Middle-Management
- What activities to be planned in strategic alignment
Tactical/Managerial
- Focused on day to day
- detailed level processes for specific outcome
- execution by teams and managers
- Are we acting in alignment with strategy?
Operational
Types of Information:
- Executive Information System
- Decision Support System
- Management Information system
- Transaction Processing system
is used by Executive for Strategic Decisions
EIS
Used by senior managers for decision making
DSS
is used by managers for operational efficiency
MIS
used by workers for basic reporting
TPS
is a power structure designed to achieve company goals. an organization’s emphasis on control to ensure performance tends to restrict the communication flow among employees.
Informal Information system
it is organized collection of people, procedures, software, databases and devices used to perform and record business transactions.
TPS
is responsible for collecting, storing, modifying, and retrieving data and generating
TPS
is a person - machine system and highly integrated grouping of information-processing functions designed to provide management with comprehensive picture of specific operations;
MIS
it is an organized collection of people, procedures, software, databases and devices the provides information to managers and decision makers.
MIS
a non redundant collection of interrelated data items that can be processed through application programs and available to many users. all records must be related in some way. sharing common data means that many programs can use the same files or records.
MIS
it is part of the software that handles virtually every activity involving the physical database;
MIS
it is an organized collection of people, procedures, software, databases and devices that support problem-specific decision making.
DSS
Helps an organization do things right
MIS
helps a manager do the right thing.
DSS
it uses the same approach as DSS for managers, but is more focused on supporting executives, making in decision making.
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