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Biology 110 > Midterm unit 3 > Flashcards

Midterm unit 3 Flashcards

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1
Q

Integumentary system

A

The skin: it protects, prevents water gain or loss, megablov regulation, immune function, temp regulation, sensory receptor

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2
Q

What area the 3 skin layers

A

epidermis, dermis, subcutaneous

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3
Q

Keratinized Stratified Squamous Epithelium

A

a type of stratified epithelium that contains numerous layers of squamous cells, called keratinocytes, in which the superficial layer of cells is keratinized. This type of epithelium comprises the epidermis of the skin.

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4
Q

Keratinocytes

A

produce keratin a tough fibrous protein that produces protection. Most abundant and found in all Epidermis strata. These divide to generate new on that replace dead ones shed from surface. They can twist and intertwine forming helian intermediate filaments of sytosketaton. They can also form cytokeratin which gives skin its strength and makes epidermis water resistant

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5
Q

Keratin

A

a tough fibrous protein that produces protection. Most abundant and found in all Epidermis strata. These divide to generate new on that replace dead ones shed from surface. They can twist and intertwine forming helian intermediate filaments of sytosketaton.

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6
Q

Melanocytes

A

produces the pigment melanin that protects against damage by UV. These are long and branching they are found among keratinocytes. Produce and store melanin. Transfers melatonin through melanosomes. Tanning is a result of melanocytes producing melanin to clock UV light from causing mutation to keratinocytes and fibroblasts.
-Inside the melanocytes are melanin

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7
Q

Tactile cells

A

Touch receptor cells, change shape with pressure(few in number, stratum basale, when compressed send signals to nerve endings) Found scattered

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8
Q

Dendrite cells

A

Used in immunity

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9
Q

Kernelization:

A

When the Keratinocytes synthesize significant amounts of protein keratin. Causing nucleus and organelles to disingrate which leads to death.

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10
Q

Layers in Epidermis

A

-Stratum Basale
-Stratum spinous
-stratum granulosum
stratum Lucidum
-stratum corneum

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11
Q

Stratum Basale

A

deepest layer. Cell division and creation of other layers. Single layer of low columnar cells attached by hemidesmosomes. There are 3 types of cells that are occupied in this Keratinocytes, Melanocytes, tactile.

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12
Q

Stratum Spinosum

A

a layer of 8-10 keratinocytes and some denertic cells form this. Creating new cells pushing them to the surface which then attaches them desomosomes, providing structural support for cells. They look spiny. Contains the Epidermal dendric Cell.

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13
Q

Stratum Lucidum

A

s only present in thick skin finger tips, palms, soles. Thin translucent layer that is superficial to the stratum granulosum. These are flattened and pale. Filled with a protein called eleidein which is an intermediate product of keratin formation.

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13
Q

Stratum Granulosum:

A

The non diving cells of the stratum granulosum are filled with granules of keratin. 3-5 layers of superficial stratum spinosum. This begins with the process called keratinization. Which leads to cell death.

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14
Q

Stratum corneum

A

is always outermost, composed of 20 layer cell remanence. Hornlike layer. Dead keratinocytes are anucleate (lacking nucleus). They hav large amounts of Keratin. This is where the dead cells shed and secrete.

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15
Q

Thick Skin

A

found in palms, hands, and feet. Epidermis of thick skin is 0.4 mm-0.6 mm. Houses sweat glands but no hair or oil glands

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16
Q

Thin Skin

A

Lacks stratum lucidum. Contains hair follicles, sebaceous glands, and sweat glands. Epidermis is between 0.075 mm- 0.150

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17
Q

Dermis

A

Composed of CT and primarily collagen fibres but have elastic and reticular fibres aswell (this is the second layer)

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18
Q

What is all found in the dermis

A

blood vessels, sweat glands, sebaceous glands, hair follicles, nail root, sensory nerve, smooth muscle tissue.

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19
Q

2 regions in the dermis

A

-Papillary, reticular

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20
Q

Papillary region

A

-consists of areolar CT with capillaries tactile receptors free nerve ending
-Is deep to the epidermis
-monitors sensory and touch
-tactile receptors

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21
Q

Reticular Region

A

-Dense irregular CT with adipose cells, hair follicles, nerves, glands
-Even deeper then papillary

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22
Q

Subcutaneous layer

A

-areolar CT and Adipose CT
-stabilized and binds skin
-acts as energy
-attached the skin to underlying tissue and organ
Provides thermal insulation
-drugs are often injected here

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23
Q

Hair

A

anugo: a fine unpigmented downy hair that first appears on the fetus in last trimester
Vellus: Replaces when at birth lightly pigmented found in upper and lower limbs
Terminal: course, pigmented. Grows on scalp eye brow and lash, pubic, and face.

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24
Q

nails

A

-Composed hard keratinized epidermal cells located over the dorsal surfaces of the ends of fingers toes
-appear pink because of the blood flow underneath

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25
Q

Skin Glands:

A

-secret oily substance called sebum which prevents dehydration of hair and skin inhibits growth of certain bacteria
-simulated by androgen

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26
Q

Sweat glands

A

-located reticular portion of dermus
-both contain myoepithelial which are specialized epithelial cell that are sandwiched in basement membrane this is squeezed which causes secretion

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27
Q

Merocrin glands:

A
  • For cooling the body, secretes watery solution to cool body and eliminate waste
    -main function is thermoregulation
    -watery
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28
Q

Apocrine glands

A
  • located mainly in the skin of the axilla, groin, areolae, and bearded facial regions of adult males. This happens during sex.
    -good nutritious stuff
    -release secretion into hair around nipples, pubic, anal region.
    -colling body
    -or stress
    -bacteria is the smell
    -emotional
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29
Q

Sebaceous Glands

A

-produce oily waxy secretion called sebum which is discharged into hair. Which acts as a lubricant on the skin to prevent dry and brittle and cracks

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30
Q

Sebum

A

helps moisturize and protect the skin.

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31
Q

4 steps in wound healing

A

1) Cut blood vessels and bleed into wound Blood brings clotting proteins, numerous Leukocytes blood vessels and antibodies.
2) Blood clot forms, prevents continuation. As well as prevents bacteria, stops exposure.
3) Blood vessels grow and granulation tissue grows. It becomes granulation tissue which is a vascular CT.
4) Epithelium regenerates and a scab is made Replaced by fibrosis

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32
Q

Regeneration of skin

A

replacement of damaged cells with same type

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32
Q

Fibrosis of skin

A

replaces with different cells produce scar tissue.

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33
Q

First degree burn

A

only the epidermis mild pain no blister or loss of skim function

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34
Q

second degree burn

A

destroy the epidermis and part of dermis, some skin is lost. Redness, blister, edema, and pain

35
Q

3rd degree burn

A

Full thickness burn into subcutaneous. Most functions are lost and region is numb

36
Q

What causes difference inn skin colour

A

-hemoglobin, melanin, carotene

37
Q

Hemoglobin

A

oxygen binding protein present in red blood cells. Gives red blood cells the colour. If blood vessels diameter increase red tone is seen.

38
Q

Melanin

A
  • Eumelanin: shades of brown and black
  • Pheomelanin: lighter shades of tan, yellow and red.
    -transferred in melanosomes from melanocytes to keratinocytes
39
Q

Carotene

A

yellow-orange pigment. Found in veggies. Inside the keratinocytes in the stratum corneum and subcontneus fat. May improve immunity cell number and activity.

40
Q

what makes someone skin darker

A

melanocytes produce relatively more and darker melanin than lighter skinned individuals. Active melanocytes tend to package melanin into cels in the more superficial epidermal layers

41
Q

Dermal blood vessels of the dermis do what

A

provide nutrients to the skin and help regulate body temp

42
Q

Vasoconstriction

A

the diameter of the vessels narrow so relatively less blood is transported through them. This occurs to produce heat.

43
Q

Vasodialation

A

diameter of vessels increases. More blood can be transferred through them. This occurs to release excess heat.

44
Q

Functions of Subcutaneous layer

A

helps provide insulation, regulate temperature, and store fat.

45
Q

Vitamin D synthesis

A

Keratinocytes convert a steroid molecule to Vit D, which then releases to the blood and converts to calcidiol (kidney converts it), DBP transports to organs increasing absorption of calcium and phosphate.

46
Q

Regions of the bone

A

Periosteum Medullary cavity Endosteum Diaphysis Epiphysis Metaphysis Articular cartilage

47
Q

effects of Again on the skin

A

Wrinkles: fewer fibro blasters, decreased collagen and elastic fibres
Dehydration and cracking: reduced sebaceous gland activity
Sweat production increases
Decrease in function melanocytes grey hair, atypical skin pigment
Subcutaneous fat is lost general decrease skin thickness
-More brittle nails
-Migration of cell is slow- repair delayed
-increased susceptibility to pathological conditions

48
Q

Periosteum

A

A tough sheath of dense irregular CT, protects the bone from surrounding structure, anchors blood vessels, and nerves to surface of the bone and is an attachment site for ligaments and tendons.

49
Q

Fibrous layer of Periosteum

A

The outer layer of dense, irregular CT on the outside of bone

50
Q

Cellular layer of periosteum

A

includes osteoprogenitor, osteoblasts, and osteoclasts that produce growth of bone matrix

51
Q

Medullary Cavity

A

A space that contains fatty yellow bone marrow in adults. is a cylindrical space within the diaphysis that contains red bone marrow which is replaced with yellow bone marrow when adults

52
Q

Endosteum

A

membrane that lines the medullary. A thin layer of osteoprogenitor cells, blasts, and clasts that is active in growth and repair

53
Q

Diaphysis

A

elongated usually cylindrical diaphysis is leverage and major weight for a long bone. The shaft. Composed of compact bone while spongy bone extends internally from this compact bone in spicules (thin needle like)

54
Q

Emphasis

A

from the distal and proximal end of a long bone. Composed of an outer thin layer of compact bone and an inner more extensive region of spongy. Covering joint surface with hyaline cartilage called articular cartilage

55
Q

Metaphysis:

A

are the area where epiphysis and diaphysis join. In a goring bone this region has epiphyseal plate. (is a line for adults)

56
Q

Articular cartilage

A

thin layer of hyaline cartilage covering the epiphysis of long bones. Absorbs shock and stops friction.

57
Q

cells of bone tissue

A

Osteoprogenitor cells Osteoblasts Osteoclasts Osteocytes

58
Q

Osteoprogenitor cells

A

unspecialized bone cells located in both periosteum and endosteum. They go through a dividing process called cellular division and produce osteoblasts

59
Q

Osteoblasts

A

Perform the important function of synthesizing and secreting the initial semisolid organic form of bone matrix called osteoid. After producing and secreting they differentiate into osteocytes.

60
Q

Osteocytes

A

These are formed from osteoblasts that have lost their bone-forming ability when enveloped by calcified osteoid. They maintain bone matrix and detect stress which then inform osteoblasts and may lead to deposition of new bone matrix

61
Q

Osteoclasts

A

derived from fused bone marrow cells. They are involved in breaking down bone restoration.

62
Q

Red Bone marrow

A

-Hemopoietic (blood cells forming)
-Contains reticular CT, developing red cells and adipocytes
-Found in spongy
Adults: located in portions of the axial skeleton, in proximal epiphyses of humerus and femur
Children: located in spongy bone of most bones and medullary cavity of long bones
(found in skull, ribs, spine, pelvis

63
Q

Yellow bone marrow

A

product of red bone marrow degeneration in adults, fatty substance, may convert back to red bone marrow. (found in jaw, shoulder, arms, legs)

64
Q

Spongy bone

A

Lamellae are arranged in a lattice of thin columns called trabeculae. They lack osteons.

65
Q

Trabeculae

A

a small, often microscopic, tissue element in the form of a small beam, strut or rod that supports or anchors a framework of parts within a body or organ. Found in Spongy bone.

66
Q

Compact bone is composed of:

A

Osteons
Concentric lamellae Interstitial lamellae Lacunae
Canaliculi
Central canal
Perforating canals

67
Q

Osteons

A

a cylindrical structure found in compact bone tissue. The osteon provides strength and support to the bone, and it also helps in the repair and remodeling of bone tissue.

68
Q

Concentric lamellae

A

rings of bone connected to tissue that surrounds canal. Each contains collagen fibres. Gives bone strength and resilience.

69
Q

Interstitial lamellae

A

help “glue”, or anneal haversian systems to one another – this arrangement is important in maintaining cortical integrity. They are leftover parts of osteons.

70
Q

Lacunae

A

small spaces that house each Osteocyte

71
Q

Canaliculi

A

tiny channels through the lacunae and centeral canal.

72
Q

Central Canal

A

channel that lies in the center of osteon and runs parallel, blood vessels and nerves.

73
Q

Perforating canals

A

contain blood vessels and nerves, and run perpendicular to central cells.

74
Q

Ossification (bone growth) (replacement)

A

1) Ossification enters form within thickened regions of mesenchyme
2) osteoid undergoes calcification
3) Woven bone and surrounding periosteum form
4) Lamellae bone replaces woven bone

75
Q

Endochondral ossification (growth replacement of hyaline)

A
  1. Fetal hyaline cartilage develops
  2. cartilage calcifies and a perosteal cone forms
  3. Primary ossification forms in the diaphysis
  4. secondary ossification forms in the epiphyses
  5. Bone replaces almost all cartilage exert the articular cartilage and epiphyseal cartilage
  6. Lengthwise growth continues until the epiphyseal plates ossify and form epiphyseal lines
76
Q

The epiphyseal growth plate and growth line

A

-a growing long bone that is calcified and replaced by bone

77
Q

Bone matrix formation

A

osteoblasts secrete osteoid. Calcification occurs, calcium ions and phosphate ions reach critic levels for clarification

78
Q

Bone matrix Respiration

A

matrix is destroyed by substance released. Liberated calcium and phosphate ions enter blood and then blood calcium levels low.

79
Q

Activation of Vit D to Calcitriol

A
  1. Light converts keratinocytes to Fit D which releases ti blood
  2. Vit D passes through liver turns into calciciol
  3. Calcidiol circulates blood. Then converted too Calcitriol
80
Q

Calcium Homeostasis

A

stimulus: Low blood calcium levels
Receptor: Parathyroid glands detect low blood calcium levels
Control Centre: Parathyroid glands release parathyroid hormone
Restored: Blood calcium rise and return to a normal homeostasis

81
Q

Stress fracture

A

thin break caused by increased physical activity

82
Q

Pathological fracture

A

weakened by disease

83
Q

Simple fracture

A

broken bone does not penetrate through the skin

84
Q

compound fracture

A

broken bone breaks the skin

85
Q

Steps to bone repair

A
  1. Fracture hematoma forms
  2. Fibrocartilaginous callus forms
  3. a hard bony callus forms
  4. the bone is remodelled
86
Q

General functions of the bone

A

support and protection, levers for movement, hematopoiesis (blood cell production), Storage for mineral and energy reserves

87
Q
A

Biology 110 (13 decks)

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