Midterm unit 2 Flashcards
Plasma Membrane
-Maintains internal conditions of cell
-Communicated with other cells
-Establishes a flexible boundary
-Regulates entry of ion, nutrients, waste
-establishes and maintains charge
Cholesterol
maintains fluidity and is scattered within the inner hydrophobic region strenghthens and stabalizes temp
Phospholipids
(balloon with 2 tails) a barrier to protect the cell against various environmental insults
Glycolipid
lipids attached ti carbohydrate groups. They extend like sugars, They are insoluble in water and make ut so the plasma membrane will not dissolve when coming in contact with water.
Proteins
they make up half the weight, they just float around
Integral protein
embedded within and extend completely across the phospholipid bilayer
Peripheral protein
they are attached to the surface anchored to the exposed parts
Selective permeability
This is what controls what can pass through and what cannot.
-Gas, fat, and soluble molecules pass easily, ions moderately, and large molecules not easily.
Passive transport
moving along the membrane with no energy using diffusion or osmosis (high to low)
Diffusion
The movement of solutes
Simple diffusion
No transport protein required. (it squishes through)
Facilitated fusion
Requires a carrier protein or channel (opens up a gate)
Osmosis
movement of water across semipermeable membrane
Active transport
Uses energy either ATP or another source
Primary Active trasport
uses ATP
Secondary active transport
Energy source from movement of another substance
symporter
2 substances moving in the same direction
Antiporter
2 substances
Tonicity
measure of solution ability to change the volume of cells by altering water content
Hypertonic
water is coming out and the cell shrinks
Isotonic
water us going out and coming in equally so the cell stays the same
Hypotonic
Water is being drawn in so the cell swells
3 tissues
Tight Junction, gap junction, desmosomes
Tight Junction tissue
Tight junctions form the continuous intercellular barrier between epithelial cells,
Gap junction
Gap junctions are aggregates of intercellular channels that permit direct cell–cell transfer of ions and small molecules.
Desmosomes
specialize in highly ordered membrane domains that meditate cell-cell contact and strong adhesive
Epithelium
Composition: Tightly packed with minimal extracellular matrix
Function: covers body organ surfaces, lines body cavities, and organ cavities, forms glands
Squamous shape
flat and wide
Cubiodoial shape
as tall as they are wide
Columnar shape
Taller then they are wide
Simple Epithelium
1 layer
Stratified epithelium
multiple layers
Pseudostratified
appears to be stratified but actually just haas one layer
glandular epithelium
either individual cells or multicellular organs composed of epithelial tissue
Endocrine glands
secrete hormones into the blood that act as a chemical messenger
Exocrine glands
Maintain connection with the epithel using ducts. Secrete lumen into empty places
Duct
and epithelium lined tube through which the glands secretion are discharged into the epithelial surface
Connective tissue
Diverse and abundant tissue. Supports protect and binds organs
Fibroblasts
produce the fibres and ground substance components of the extracellular matrix (contributes to formation of CT)
Adipocytes
(fat cells) appear in small clusters of some CT. Adipose CT
Osteocytes
Osteocytes are one of the four kinds of bone cells
White blood cells
White blood cells are also called leukocytes. They protect you against illness and disease.
Fibers of CT
collagen, elastin, reticular
Collagen
Collagen is protein molecules made up of amino acids. It provides structural support to the extracellular space of connective tissues.
Elastin
Elastin is a naturally occurring, stable protein in the extracellular matrix (ECM) that provides resilience and elasticity to vital organs in the human body. As the main component of elastic fibers, it stores energy. This elastin protein also enables connective tissues to recoil
Reticular fibres
form branching interwoven framework that is tough and flexible
Loose CT
Areolar, Adipose, reticular
Areolar CT
most abundant in the body, protects tissue and organs binds skin and provides blood vessels and nerves
Where is Areolar CT found
dermis layer, subcutaneous layer, surrounding organs, muscle cells, blood vessel walls
Adipose CT
closely packed, edge of cells contains blood vessels. Stores energy , insulates cushions, and protects
Where to find Adipose CT
Subcutaneous layer and around organs
Reticular CT
Some finer blasts lots of white blood cells , a meshwork of fibres. It provides a supportive framework to lymphatic organs
Where to find reticular Ct
Spleen, lymph nodes, red bone marrow
Dense CT
Dense irregular
Dense regular
Elastic
Dense irregular
Fibroblasts between densely packed randomly arranged clumped collagen fibres. They withheld stress applied and are durable
Dense irregular are found where
Reticular layer of the dermis, covering skeletal muscle, verse, bones, cartilage and organ capsules
Dense regular CT
Fibroblasts squeezed in parallel always of collagen fibres. Attached ti bone as well as muscle bones
Dense regular CT is found where
Tendons and ligaments
Elastic CT
Limited Fibroblasts densely packed with elastic fibres, allows for stretching and recoiling
Elastic CT is found where
walls of elastic arteries
Cartilage Ct
Hyaline cartilage
Fibrocartilage
Elastic cartilage
Hyaline cartilage
Irregularly arranged chondrocytes with glassy appearance and collagen fibres that are not visible. Provide support for most fetal skeleton
Fibrocartilge CT
Large chondrocytes in Lacunae, numerous parallel collagen fibres, ground substance. They are weight barring and act as a shock absorber
Fibrocartilge CT are found where
intervertebral discs, pubic synthesis, menisci of knee joint
Elastic cartilage
Closely packed chondrocytes. This maintains shape while permitting extensive flexibility
Elastic cartilage os found where
External ear, epiglottis of larynx
Epithelial membranes
Mucous membranes
Serous membranes
Cutaneousmembranes Synovial membranes
Mucous membrane
lines passageways and compartments that will open to external environment; including digestive, respiratory, urinary, and reproduction
Serous membranes
lines body cavities typically do not open to external environment. Composed of simple squamous epithelium. to secrete a lubricating fluid, called serous fluid, to prevent internal organs from being rubbed raw.
Cutaneous membranes
(the skin) covers the external of the body
Synovial membrane
Secretes Synovial fluid and distributes cartilage on the articular surface of the bone
