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Biology 110 > Midterm unit 2 > Flashcards

Midterm unit 2 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Plasma Membrane

A

-Maintains internal conditions of cell
-Communicated with other cells
-Establishes a flexible boundary
-Regulates entry of ion, nutrients, waste
-establishes and maintains charge

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2
Q

Cholesterol

A

maintains fluidity and is scattered within the inner hydrophobic region strenghthens and stabalizes temp

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3
Q

Phospholipids

A

(balloon with 2 tails) a barrier to protect the cell against various environmental insults

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4
Q

Glycolipid

A

lipids attached ti carbohydrate groups. They extend like sugars, They are insoluble in water and make ut so the plasma membrane will not dissolve when coming in contact with water.

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5
Q

Proteins

A

they make up half the weight, they just float around

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6
Q

Integral protein

A

embedded within and extend completely across the phospholipid bilayer

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7
Q

Peripheral protein

A

they are attached to the surface anchored to the exposed parts

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8
Q

Selective permeability

A

This is what controls what can pass through and what cannot.
-Gas, fat, and soluble molecules pass easily, ions moderately, and large molecules not easily.

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9
Q

Passive transport

A

moving along the membrane with no energy using diffusion or osmosis (high to low)

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10
Q

Diffusion

A

The movement of solutes

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11
Q

Simple diffusion

A

No transport protein required. (it squishes through)

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12
Q

Facilitated fusion

A

Requires a carrier protein or channel (opens up a gate)

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13
Q

Osmosis

A

movement of water across semipermeable membrane

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14
Q

Active transport

A

Uses energy either ATP or another source

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15
Q

Primary Active trasport

A

uses ATP

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16
Q

Secondary active transport

A

Energy source from movement of another substance

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17
Q

symporter

A

2 substances moving in the same direction

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18
Q

Antiporter

A

2 substances

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19
Q

Tonicity

A

measure of solution ability to change the volume of cells by altering water content

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20
Q

Hypertonic

A

water is coming out and the cell shrinks

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21
Q

Isotonic

A

water us going out and coming in equally so the cell stays the same

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22
Q

Hypotonic

A

Water is being drawn in so the cell swells

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23
Q

3 tissues

A

Tight Junction, gap junction, desmosomes

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24
Q

Tight Junction tissue

A

Tight junctions form the continuous intercellular barrier between epithelial cells,

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25
Q

Gap junction

A

Gap junctions are aggregates of intercellular channels that permit direct cell–cell transfer of ions and small molecules.

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26
Q

Desmosomes

A

specialize in highly ordered membrane domains that meditate cell-cell contact and strong adhesive

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27
Q

Epithelium

A

Composition: Tightly packed with minimal extracellular matrix
Function: covers body organ surfaces, lines body cavities, and organ cavities, forms glands

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28
Q

Squamous shape

A

flat and wide

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29
Q

Cubiodoial shape

A

as tall as they are wide

30
Q

Columnar shape

A

Taller then they are wide

31
Q

Simple Epithelium

A

1 layer

32
Q

Stratified epithelium

A

multiple layers

33
Q

Pseudostratified

A

appears to be stratified but actually just haas one layer

34
Q

glandular epithelium

A

either individual cells or multicellular organs composed of epithelial tissue

35
Q

Endocrine glands

A

secrete hormones into the blood that act as a chemical messenger

36
Q

Exocrine glands

A

Maintain connection with the epithel using ducts. Secrete lumen into empty places

37
Q

Duct

A

and epithelium lined tube through which the glands secretion are discharged into the epithelial surface

38
Q

Connective tissue

A

Diverse and abundant tissue. Supports protect and binds organs

39
Q

Fibroblasts

A

produce the fibres and ground substance components of the extracellular matrix (contributes to formation of CT)

40
Q

Adipocytes

A

(fat cells) appear in small clusters of some CT. Adipose CT

41
Q

Osteocytes

A

Osteocytes are one of the four kinds of bone cells

42
Q

White blood cells

A

White blood cells are also called leukocytes. They protect you against illness and disease.

43
Q

Fibers of CT

A

collagen, elastin, reticular

44
Q

Collagen

A

Collagen is protein molecules made up of amino acids. It provides structural support to the extracellular space of connective tissues.

45
Q

Elastin

A

Elastin is a naturally occurring, stable protein in the extracellular matrix (ECM) that provides resilience and elasticity to vital organs in the human body. As the main component of elastic fibers, it stores energy. This elastin protein also enables connective tissues to recoil

46
Q

Reticular fibres

A

form branching interwoven framework that is tough and flexible

47
Q

Loose CT

A

Areolar, Adipose, reticular

48
Q

Areolar CT

A

most abundant in the body, protects tissue and organs binds skin and provides blood vessels and nerves

49
Q

Where is Areolar CT found

A

dermis layer, subcutaneous layer, surrounding organs, muscle cells, blood vessel walls

50
Q

Adipose CT

A

closely packed, edge of cells contains blood vessels. Stores energy , insulates cushions, and protects

51
Q

Where to find Adipose CT

A

Subcutaneous layer and around organs

52
Q

Reticular CT

A

Some finer blasts lots of white blood cells , a meshwork of fibres. It provides a supportive framework to lymphatic organs

53
Q

Where to find reticular Ct

A

Spleen, lymph nodes, red bone marrow

54
Q

Dense CT

A

Dense irregular
Dense regular
Elastic

55
Q

Dense irregular

A

Fibroblasts between densely packed randomly arranged clumped collagen fibres. They withheld stress applied and are durable

56
Q

Dense irregular are found where

A

Reticular layer of the dermis, covering skeletal muscle, verse, bones, cartilage and organ capsules

57
Q

Dense regular CT

A

Fibroblasts squeezed in parallel always of collagen fibres. Attached ti bone as well as muscle bones

58
Q

Dense regular CT is found where

A

Tendons and ligaments

59
Q

Elastic CT

A

Limited Fibroblasts densely packed with elastic fibres, allows for stretching and recoiling

60
Q

Elastic CT is found where

A

walls of elastic arteries

61
Q

Cartilage Ct

A

Hyaline cartilage
Fibrocartilage
Elastic cartilage

62
Q

Hyaline cartilage

A

Irregularly arranged chondrocytes with glassy appearance and collagen fibres that are not visible. Provide support for most fetal skeleton

63
Q

Fibrocartilge CT

A

Large chondrocytes in Lacunae, numerous parallel collagen fibres, ground substance. They are weight barring and act as a shock absorber

64
Q

Fibrocartilge CT are found where

A

intervertebral discs, pubic synthesis, menisci of knee joint

65
Q

Elastic cartilage

A

Closely packed chondrocytes. This maintains shape while permitting extensive flexibility

66
Q

Elastic cartilage os found where

A

External ear, epiglottis of larynx

67
Q

Epithelial membranes

A

Mucous membranes
Serous membranes
Cutaneousmembranes Synovial membranes

68
Q

Mucous membrane

A

lines passageways and compartments that will open to external environment; including digestive, respiratory, urinary, and reproduction

69
Q

Serous membranes

A

lines body cavities typically do not open to external environment. Composed of simple squamous epithelium. to secrete a lubricating fluid, called serous fluid, to prevent internal organs from being rubbed raw.

70
Q

Cutaneous membranes

A

(the skin) covers the external of the body

71
Q

Synovial membrane

A

Secretes Synovial fluid and distributes cartilage on the articular surface of the bone

Biology 110 (13 decks)

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