Midterm unit 1 Flashcards
Anatomy
the internal and external structures of the body and their physical relationship (form)
Physiology
the study of the function of structures (function)
Metabolism
the sum of all chemical reaction that occur in the body
Catabolic
the raising up of smaller molecules joining the large
catabolism
larger molecules broken into smaller
What are the 4 tissues
Epithelium, CT, Muscle, and nerve
All organisms
Grow and develop, respond, reproduce, regulate
where is Epithelial tissue found
covers the exposed surfaces and cavity of the body
CT function
Protects, supports and binds structures and organs
muscle tissue does what
produces movement
Nervous tissue does what
Conducts impulses for communication
Organs
a collection of tissues that structurally form a functional unit specialized to perform a particular function.
Organ system
multiple related organs that work together to coordinate activities and functions
Organism
an individual living thing that carries on the activities of life by means of organs which have separate functions but are dependent on each other : a living person, plant, or animal.
Anatomical position
facing straight, upward with feet parallel flat on the floor, upper limbs at side of the body, palms anterior and facing the front, head level, and eyes forward
Integumentary system
Hair, skin, nails. Protection from water, gain or loss, synthesizes Fit D, realeases secretion, regulates temp, houses sensory receptors
Muscular system
Produces movement, generates head
Skeletal system
Provides support and protection site of hemotopiesis (blood cell production) stores calcium, provides sites for ligament and muscle attachment
Nervous system
regulates and responds to sensory stimuli controls muscles and some glands and is responsible for consciousness and intellectual memory
Endocrine system
glands, cells clusters that secrete hormones maintain homeostasis of blood composition and volume =, control digestive processes, and control reproduction function (organs, and sex)
Lymphatic system
Transports and filters lymph and may participate in an immune respond (stuff like tonsils, thymus, and spleen)
Cardiovascular system
Consists of the heart and blood vessels, the heart moves blood through blood vessels in order to distribute hormones, nutrients gases, and pick up waste
Respiratory system
Responsible for exchange of gases (oxygen and carbon dioxide) between blood and air in the lunges
Urinary system
Filters blood and removes waste products in the form of urine, and expels urine from the body
Male reproductive system
Produces sex cells and male hormones, transfers sperm to females
Female reproductive system
Produces sex cells and female hormone, receives sperm fertilizes and develops and grows embryo produces and secretes breast milk
Digestive system
Mechanically and chemically digests food, absorbs nutrients and expel waste products
Superior
Closer to the head (ex. the shoulder is superior to the foot)
Inferior
Closer to the feet (ex, the toe is inferior to the heart)
Anterior
In front of (ex. the Breast is anterior to the spine)
Posterior
Behind or closer to the back (ex. the spine is posterior to the heart)
Medial
Towards the midline (ex the heart is medial to the thumb)
Lateral
away from the midline (ex. The pinky is lateral to the lungs)
Intermediate
In between (ex nose is intermediate to the eyes)
Proximal
Closer to the point of attachment (ex the elbow is proximal to the wrist)
Distal
Further away from the point of attachment (ex. The wrist is distal to the elbow)
Superficial
Closer to the outside of the body (further out) (ex. the skin is superficial to the heart)
Deep
Further in or closer to the inside of the body (ex. The spleen is Deep to the skin)
What are the body planes
Midsagittal, sagittal, transverse, coronal, oblique
Midsagittal plane
The body is cut in left and right halves that are equal
Sagittal
The body us cut in unequal left and right halves
Transverse
divides top from bottom (superior and inferior)
Coronal
Divides body into front and back
Oblique
Cutting through the body at an angle
Axial region
The head neck and trunk
Appendicular region
The upper and lower limbs
Posterior aspect
contains cavities that are completely encased in bone and is subdivided into cranial cavity and vertebral cavity
Cranial Cavity
Formed by bones of cranium. It contains the brain
Vertebral canal
formed by the bones of the veritable column. contains the spinal cord.
Ventral cavity
Larger and anterior. And does not completely Incase the organs in bone. Cavities are cased with Serous membranes and for 2 layers.
What are the 2 layers in ventral cavity
Parietal layer and visceral layer. Between these is the serous cavity.
Parietal layer
lines the internal surface if the body wall
Visceral layer
covers external surface of organs within cavity
Thoratic Cavity
The chest area. Contains the heart, thymus, esophagus, trachea, and major blood vessels connected to the heart
Mediastinum
the space between the lungs
Pericardium
what the heart is enclosed in; parental is the outer layer and visceral is the inner layer
Pleura
The 2 layers serous membrane over the lungs; parietal is the outer and the visceral is the inner
Abdominopelvic Cavity
Abdominal cavity and pelvic cavity
Right and left hypochondriac region
top right and left
Epigastric region
top middle
Right and left lumbar region
left and right middle section
umbilical region
The middle, middle
Right and left Iliac region
Bottom left and right
Hypogastric
the bottom middle
homeostasis
refers to the ability of an organism to maintain a consistent internal environmental or steady state in response to changing internal or external conditions
3 components to homeostasis
receptor, control center, and effector
What is step 1 in Homeostasis
Stimulus: Changes in a variable that is regulated
Hot: Body temp rises
Cold: body temp drops
What is step 2 in homeostasis
Receptors: Structure that detects the stimulus
Cold: detect cold, hypothalamus detects drop in blood temp
Hot: detects heat, hypothalamus detects increase in blood temp
What is step 3 in homeostasis
Receptors send input information to the control centre
-Hypothalamus compares sensory input to normal set point
What is step 4 in homeostasis
Control centre: imitates the change in temp
What is step 5 in homeostasis:
Control centre sends output information to an effector
What is step 6 in homeostasis
Effector: Structure brings change to stimulus and then it is restored
Cold: Blode vessels conserve heat, skeletal muscle produce shivers, hair produces goose bumps
Heat: blood vessels dilate to release heat, sweat glands secrete
Negative feedback
if a homeostatic system is controlled by negative feedback the resulting action will always be the opposite direction of the stimulus. This way the variable is maintained in the set point. (when you are too hot it will cool you down)
positive feedback loop
is continuous in the same direction (do it over and over again) (breast feeding)
Cytoplasm
Cytoplasm is the gelatinous liquid that fills the inside of a cell
A cytoplasm contains.
Cytoskeleton
Cilia
Flagella
Ribosomes Endoplasmic reticulum Golgi complex Lysosomes Peroxisomes mitochondria
Cytoskeleton
a structure that helps cells maintain their shape and internal organization
Endoplasmic Reticulum
A membrane bound organelle. An extensive interconnected membrane network that varies in shape. Extends from the nuclear envelope to the plasma membrane and composes a half of the membrane within cell. (makes and packages) (like an assembly line)
Rough ER
-Synthesis of proteins for secretion which then incorporated into digestive enzymes
-Modifies proteins to store
-help form peroxisomes
-Form transport vesicles for shipping of proteins to Golgi apparatus
Smooth ER
-site of lipid synthesis
-processes carbohydrate synthesis
-detoxifies drugs, alcohol, and poisons
-Forms transport vesicles for shipping to Golgi apparatus
Golgi apparatus
composed of elongated, flattened, membranous sacs.
-Forms proteoglycan
-Modifies and stores proteins
-Synthesises digestive enzymes for lysosomes
-forms secretly vesicles for delivering components of the plasma membrane and releasing contents from the cell by exocytosis
Lymosomes
small membrane enclosed spherical sacs that contain digestive enzymes that are immersed in acidic fluid
-Breaks down molecules that enter cellular components, which causes cellular death
Autophagy
The process of Lysomes digesting damaged organelles
Autolysis
Rapid digestion of molecule structures
2 Nicknames for Lyosomes
-Garbagemen
-suicide packet
Peroxisomes
engage in lipid synthesis, break down fatty acids, aminos acids and runic acid. When a critical side is reached it breaks into 2. Forms liquids and produces hydrogen peroxide
Mitochondria
oblong organelles that are double membraned. This is the power house of the cell it digests fatty acids, and transfers energy to ATP
Ribosome
non membrane bound. Contains the protein RNA. HAs A P E sites. Makes things into amino acid chains. They synthesize proteins snf report cells that are housed in lysosomes.
Cilia
Hairlike projection that extends from the exposed surface to cells. Lines portions of the respiratory passageway
Flagella
helps propel am entire cell. Moves through female reproductive system
Nucleus
-Houses DNA molecules that serve as genetic instructions for synthesis of proteins.
-Produces ribosomal subunits in nucleolus which are exported into cytoplamsm for assembly into ribosomes
