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Biology 110 > Midterm unit 1 > Flashcards

Midterm unit 1 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Anatomy

A

the internal and external structures of the body and their physical relationship (form)

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2
Q

Physiology

A

the study of the function of structures (function)

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3
Q

Metabolism

A

the sum of all chemical reaction that occur in the body

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4
Q

Catabolic

A

the raising up of smaller molecules joining the large

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5
Q

catabolism

A

larger molecules broken into smaller

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6
Q

What are the 4 tissues

A

Epithelium, CT, Muscle, and nerve

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7
Q

All organisms

A

Grow and develop, respond, reproduce, regulate

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8
Q

where is Epithelial tissue found

A

covers the exposed surfaces and cavity of the body

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9
Q

CT function

A

Protects, supports and binds structures and organs

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10
Q

muscle tissue does what

A

produces movement

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11
Q

Nervous tissue does what

A

Conducts impulses for communication

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12
Q

Organs

A

a collection of tissues that structurally form a functional unit specialized to perform a particular function.

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13
Q

Organ system

A

multiple related organs that work together to coordinate activities and functions

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14
Q

Organism

A

an individual living thing that carries on the activities of life by means of organs which have separate functions but are dependent on each other : a living person, plant, or animal.

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15
Q

Anatomical position

A

facing straight, upward with feet parallel flat on the floor, upper limbs at side of the body, palms anterior and facing the front, head level, and eyes forward

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16
Q

Integumentary system

A

Hair, skin, nails. Protection from water, gain or loss, synthesizes Fit D, realeases secretion, regulates temp, houses sensory receptors

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17
Q

Muscular system

A

Produces movement, generates head

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18
Q

Skeletal system

A

Provides support and protection site of hemotopiesis (blood cell production) stores calcium, provides sites for ligament and muscle attachment

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19
Q

Nervous system

A

regulates and responds to sensory stimuli controls muscles and some glands and is responsible for consciousness and intellectual memory

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20
Q

Endocrine system

A

glands, cells clusters that secrete hormones maintain homeostasis of blood composition and volume =, control digestive processes, and control reproduction function (organs, and sex)

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21
Q

Lymphatic system

A

Transports and filters lymph and may participate in an immune respond (stuff like tonsils, thymus, and spleen)

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22
Q

Cardiovascular system

A

Consists of the heart and blood vessels, the heart moves blood through blood vessels in order to distribute hormones, nutrients gases, and pick up waste

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23
Q

Respiratory system

A

Responsible for exchange of gases (oxygen and carbon dioxide) between blood and air in the lunges

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24
Q

Urinary system

A

Filters blood and removes waste products in the form of urine, and expels urine from the body

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25
Q

Male reproductive system

A

Produces sex cells and male hormones, transfers sperm to females

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26
Q

Female reproductive system

A

Produces sex cells and female hormone, receives sperm fertilizes and develops and grows embryo produces and secretes breast milk

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27
Q

Digestive system

A

Mechanically and chemically digests food, absorbs nutrients and expel waste products

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28
Q

Superior

A

Closer to the head (ex. the shoulder is superior to the foot)

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29
Q

Inferior

A

Closer to the feet (ex, the toe is inferior to the heart)

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30
Q

Anterior

A

In front of (ex. the Breast is anterior to the spine)

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31
Q

Posterior

A

Behind or closer to the back (ex. the spine is posterior to the heart)

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32
Q

Medial

A

Towards the midline (ex the heart is medial to the thumb)

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33
Q

Lateral

A

away from the midline (ex. The pinky is lateral to the lungs)

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34
Q

Intermediate

A

In between (ex nose is intermediate to the eyes)

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35
Q

Proximal

A

Closer to the point of attachment (ex the elbow is proximal to the wrist)

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36
Q

Distal

A

Further away from the point of attachment (ex. The wrist is distal to the elbow)

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37
Q

Superficial

A

Closer to the outside of the body (further out) (ex. the skin is superficial to the heart)

38
Q

Deep

A

Further in or closer to the inside of the body (ex. The spleen is Deep to the skin)

39
Q

What are the body planes

A

Midsagittal, sagittal, transverse, coronal, oblique

40
Q

Midsagittal plane

A

The body is cut in left and right halves that are equal

41
Q

Sagittal

A

The body us cut in unequal left and right halves

42
Q

Transverse

A

divides top from bottom (superior and inferior)

43
Q

Coronal

A

Divides body into front and back

44
Q

Oblique

A

Cutting through the body at an angle

45
Q

Axial region

A

The head neck and trunk

46
Q

Appendicular region

A

The upper and lower limbs

47
Q

Posterior aspect

A

contains cavities that are completely encased in bone and is subdivided into cranial cavity and vertebral cavity

48
Q

Cranial Cavity

A

Formed by bones of cranium. It contains the brain

49
Q

Vertebral canal

A

formed by the bones of the veritable column. contains the spinal cord.

50
Q

Ventral cavity

A

Larger and anterior. And does not completely Incase the organs in bone. Cavities are cased with Serous membranes and for 2 layers.

51
Q

What are the 2 layers in ventral cavity

A

Parietal layer and visceral layer. Between these is the serous cavity.

52
Q

Parietal layer

A

lines the internal surface if the body wall

53
Q

Visceral layer

A

covers external surface of organs within cavity

54
Q

Thoratic Cavity

A

The chest area. Contains the heart, thymus, esophagus, trachea, and major blood vessels connected to the heart

55
Q

Mediastinum

A

the space between the lungs

56
Q

Pericardium

A

what the heart is enclosed in; parental is the outer layer and visceral is the inner layer

57
Q

Pleura

A

The 2 layers serous membrane over the lungs; parietal is the outer and the visceral is the inner

58
Q

Abdominopelvic Cavity

A

Abdominal cavity and pelvic cavity

59
Q

Right and left hypochondriac region

A

top right and left

60
Q

Epigastric region

A

top middle

61
Q

Right and left lumbar region

A

left and right middle section

62
Q

umbilical region

A

The middle, middle

63
Q

Right and left Iliac region

A

Bottom left and right

64
Q

Hypogastric

A

the bottom middle

65
Q

homeostasis

A

refers to the ability of an organism to maintain a consistent internal environmental or steady state in response to changing internal or external conditions

66
Q

3 components to homeostasis

A

receptor, control center, and effector

67
Q

What is step 1 in Homeostasis

A

Stimulus: Changes in a variable that is regulated
Hot: Body temp rises
Cold: body temp drops

68
Q

What is step 2 in homeostasis

A

Receptors: Structure that detects the stimulus
Cold: detect cold, hypothalamus detects drop in blood temp
Hot: detects heat, hypothalamus detects increase in blood temp

69
Q

What is step 3 in homeostasis

A

Receptors send input information to the control centre
-Hypothalamus compares sensory input to normal set point

70
Q

What is step 4 in homeostasis

A

Control centre: imitates the change in temp

71
Q

What is step 5 in homeostasis:

A

Control centre sends output information to an effector

72
Q

What is step 6 in homeostasis

A

Effector: Structure brings change to stimulus and then it is restored
Cold: Blode vessels conserve heat, skeletal muscle produce shivers, hair produces goose bumps
Heat: blood vessels dilate to release heat, sweat glands secrete

73
Q

Negative feedback

A

if a homeostatic system is controlled by negative feedback the resulting action will always be the opposite direction of the stimulus. This way the variable is maintained in the set point. (when you are too hot it will cool you down)

74
Q

positive feedback loop

A

is continuous in the same direction (do it over and over again) (breast feeding)

75
Q

Cytoplasm

A

Cytoplasm is the gelatinous liquid that fills the inside of a cell

76
Q

A cytoplasm contains.

A

Cytoskeleton
Cilia
Flagella
Ribosomes Endoplasmic reticulum Golgi complex Lysosomes Peroxisomes mitochondria

77
Q

Cytoskeleton

A

a structure that helps cells maintain their shape and internal organization

78
Q

Endoplasmic Reticulum

A

A membrane bound organelle. An extensive interconnected membrane network that varies in shape. Extends from the nuclear envelope to the plasma membrane and composes a half of the membrane within cell. (makes and packages) (like an assembly line)

79
Q

Rough ER

A

-Synthesis of proteins for secretion which then incorporated into digestive enzymes
-Modifies proteins to store
-help form peroxisomes
-Form transport vesicles for shipping of proteins to Golgi apparatus

80
Q

Smooth ER

A

-site of lipid synthesis
-processes carbohydrate synthesis
-detoxifies drugs, alcohol, and poisons
-Forms transport vesicles for shipping to Golgi apparatus

81
Q

Golgi apparatus

A

composed of elongated, flattened, membranous sacs.
-Forms proteoglycan
-Modifies and stores proteins
-Synthesises digestive enzymes for lysosomes
-forms secretly vesicles for delivering components of the plasma membrane and releasing contents from the cell by exocytosis

82
Q

Lymosomes

A

small membrane enclosed spherical sacs that contain digestive enzymes that are immersed in acidic fluid
-Breaks down molecules that enter cellular components, which causes cellular death

83
Q

Autophagy

A

The process of Lysomes digesting damaged organelles

84
Q

Autolysis

A

Rapid digestion of molecule structures

85
Q

2 Nicknames for Lyosomes

A

-Garbagemen
-suicide packet

86
Q

Peroxisomes

A

engage in lipid synthesis, break down fatty acids, aminos acids and runic acid. When a critical side is reached it breaks into 2. Forms liquids and produces hydrogen peroxide

87
Q

Mitochondria

A

oblong organelles that are double membraned. This is the power house of the cell it digests fatty acids, and transfers energy to ATP

88
Q

Ribosome

A

non membrane bound. Contains the protein RNA. HAs A P E sites. Makes things into amino acid chains. They synthesize proteins snf report cells that are housed in lysosomes.

89
Q

Cilia

A

Hairlike projection that extends from the exposed surface to cells. Lines portions of the respiratory passageway

90
Q

Flagella

A

helps propel am entire cell. Moves through female reproductive system

91
Q

Nucleus

A

-Houses DNA molecules that serve as genetic instructions for synthesis of proteins.
-Produces ribosomal subunits in nucleolus which are exported into cytoplamsm for assembly into ribosomes

Biology 110 (13 decks)

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