Lecture 2 (chapter 4+5) Flashcards
Plasma Membrane
Forms the outer limiting barrier that separates internal contents of a cell that is fluid
What is a Plasma membranes function
- establishes a flexible boundary, protects cells, supports the structure, separates inside and outside of cell
- Regulates exit and entrance
- establishes and maintains electrical charge differences
- Communicates with other cells
parts of a plasma membrane
phospholipids, cholesterol, glycolipids, proteins
Fluid Mosaic model
Fluid are able to move freely in the cell
Phospholipids
the lipid bilayer (2 layers)
Cholesterol
maintains the fluidity
Glycolipids
carbohydrate attached lipid
what are the proteins in the plasma membrane
Integral, Peripheral
Integral protein
extend through the bilayer
Peripheral
Attach to the surface
Selective permeability
Is the barrier that allows some ions, gasses, and proteins cross but not others
Passive transport
moves along the membrane using no energy (typically uses diffusion)
simple diffusion
passes without the aid of a membrane protein (it squishes through)
Facilitated diffusion
Requires a carrier protein or channel (like a gate or a path way)
diffusion of water
Osmosis moves from low to high solute concentrate. It is the net movement of water through a selective permeable membrane.
tonicity
measure of solution ability to change the value of cells by altering water content
isotonic
when the shape stays the same because sodium and water are equal
Hypertonic
when the water in the cell is being drawn out
hypotonic
when the water is being drawn to the cell so it swells
Active transport
moves against the gradient using energy
primary trasport
uses ATP for energy
Secondary Transport
uses other sources of energy
Antiporters
carry 2 substances across membrane in opposite direction
Symporters
Carry 2 substances across the membrane in the same direction
Tight Junction
Found where a tight seal is needed between cells (bladder or Stomach)
Gap Junction
allows small substances to pass through cells
Desomosomes
specialized and highly ordered membrane domains that mediate cell-cell contact and strong adhesion.
Epithelium
lines surface, forms a protective barrier and secretes mucous and hormones
Shapes of Epithelium
Squamous, Cuboidal and columnar
Arrangement of Epithelium
simple, stratified, Pseudostratified
Simple
1 layer
Stratified
Multiple layers
Psuedostratified
looks like it has layers but in reality goes from apex to basement
Glandular Epithelium
Endocrine, Epithet, and exocrine glands
Endocrine glands
secrete contents into blood
Epithet glands
Function and secretion
Exocrine glands
secrete into lumen to duct to empty into surface
cells in connective tissue
fibroblasts, chondrocytes, adipocytes,osteocytes, white blood cells
Fibroblasts
secretes protein fibres
chondrocytes
in the cartilage
Adipocytes
store fat
Osteocytes
makes bone
White blood cells
found in the blood
Fibres of CT
Collagen, Elastin, reticular
Collagen
Strong and resistant, but not stiff
Elastin
strong and stretchy
Reticular
supportive and mesh like
Loose CT
Areolar, Adipose, Reticular
Areolar
most abundant in the body. Strengthens, protects and supports. Found attached to the skin tissue between muscles
Adipose
these are fat cells, they reduce heat loss, they are padding and energy source. Found surrounding organs
Reticular
form scaffolding to lymphatic organs. Found in spleen, lymph nodes, and bone marrow
Dence CT
irregular, regular, and elastic
Irregular Dence
Fibroblasts with collagen fibres arranges randomly. provides strength from forces pulling many directions pulling many directions. Found in Fascia, periosteum, dermis skin
Regular Dence
Fibroblasts with collagen fibres arranged regularly. Being pulled from 1 axis. Found in tendons and ligaments.
Elastic Connective
fibroblasts freely branching. Allows stretch. Found in lung tissue, and walls of elastic arteries.
Cartilage
collagen and elastic fibres in gel-like substance.
Hayline Cartilage
chondrocytes with collagen fibres, with gel-like structure. Provide a smooth surface for joints to love. Found at the end of a long bone, ribs, nose, trachea.
Fibrocartalage
Think bundles of collagen fibres that provide strength, joint structure, and shock absorption. found in between vertebrae
Elastic Cartilage
chondrocyte with elastic fibres. Can move around. Found one external ear.
Bone
connective tissue with a calcified extracellular matrix
What are the 3 components of muscular tissue
Skeletal muscle, Cardiac muscle, smooth muscle
Skeletal muscle tissue
movement in skeleton generates heat
Cardiac muscle tissue
thick middle layer of heart wall called myocardium, pumping action of heart. Is connected by intercalated discs
Smooth Muscle tissue
lacks striation seen in other muscles. Visceral muscle tissue found in wall of intestine, stomach, airway, bladder, uterus, helps propel organ to control size.
Nervous tissue
located in the brain, nerves, spine and consists of neutrons that receive, process and transmit
Epithelial Membranes
Mucous, Serous, Cutaneous, Synovial
Mucous Membrane
lines passage ways and opens external environment and performs absorption, protection or secretory functions. (found in digestive, respiratory, urinary and reproductive systems)
Serous membrane
Lines body cavities does not open external environment covers surfaces of many organs composed of mesothelium which produces water fluid.
Cutaneous membrane
this is the skins membrane
Synovial membrane
Reduces friction between moving bone parts and distributes nutrients to bones
