MIDTERM MICROBIO Flashcards
1
Q
Physical Control
Application of Heat
A
Moist Heat
Dry Heat
2
Q
water aids in the disruption of covalent bonds
A
moist heat
3
Q
kills vegetative forms but not spores and viruses
A
boiling
4
Q
boiling time and temp
A
100°C 15 – 30 minutes
5
Q
steam for 30mins , 3 days
A
tyndallization
6
Q
75-80°C for 2hrs , 3 days
A
inspissation
7
Q
fractional sterilization
A
Tyndallization
inspissation
8
Q
steam under pressure
A
autoclaving
9
Q
autoclave time, temp, pressure
A
121°C
15 psi
15 – 30 minutes
10
Q
sterilization for milk
A
pasteurization
11
Q
pasteurization time and temp
A
62°C , 30min
12
Q
kills by oxidation
A
dry heat
13
Q
time depends on the penetration of heat on objects to be sterilized;
for metals and glasswares
A
hot air oven
14
Q
hot air oven time and temp
A
160 – 180°C
1–2 hrs
15
Q
usually for inoculating loops and needles
A
Direct Flame/ Incineration
16
Q
Indians used to dry their food under the sun;
lack of water prevents multiplication
A
desiccation
17
Q
3 types of radiation
A
UV light
microwave radiation
ionizing radiation
18
Q
DNA replication is inhibited; forms thymine dimmers; can damage the cornea and skin
A
UV light
19
Q
dislodge electrons from atoms and form ions;
cause mutations in DNA and produce peroxides;
used to sterilize medical supplies
A
ionizing radiation
(x-rays, gamma rays, etc)
20
Q
heat is absorbed by water molecules;
may kill vegetative cells in moist foods
A
microwave radiation
21
Q
physical separation of microbes from liquid
A
filtration
22
Q
by plasmolysis
A
osmotic pressure
23
Q
mechanical methods that disintegrate bacteria
A
Sonic Vibration, Trituration, Agitation
24
Q
sound waves
A
sonic vibration
25
grinding
trituration
26
shaking
agitation
27
preservation method
lyophilization/ freeze-drying
28
a chemical substance that prevents growth of bacteria by either inhibiting or destroying microbes
antiseptic
29
used on the surface of skin or mucous membranes
antiseptic
30
kills many but not all microbes
disinfectant
31
aims to kill disease-causing microbes but not spore formers
disinfectant
32
used on inanimate objects
disinfectant
32
agents that inhibit the growth of bacteria
bacteriostatic
33
agents that kill bacteria
bactericide
34
variables of disinfection
1. Concentration
2. Time
3. Temperature
4. pH
35
formula for
n=1/CT
where:
N = no. of surviving bacteria
C = concentration
T = time
36
the lowest temperature at which all the microbes in a liquid culture will be killed in 10 mins
Thermal Death Point
37
the length of time required to kill all bacteria in a liquid culture at a given temperature
Thermal Death Time
38
the length of time in which 90% of a bacterial population will be killed at a given temperature
Decimal Reduction Time
39
burns organisms and physically destroys them
incineration
40
smaller scale of inceneration
direct flaming
41
the process of extreme drying
dessication
42
Physical Control
COLD
1. freezing and refrigeration
2. lyophilization
43
reduces metabolic rate of most microbes so they cannot reproduce or produce toxins
refrigeration
44
refrigeration temp
0-7°C
45
freezing that does not kill most microbes
flash freezing
46
freezing that is more harmful because ice crystals disrupt cell structure
slow freezing
47
a process in which water is removed from a product after it is frozen and placed under a vacuum, allowing ice to change directly from solid to vapor without passing through a liquid phase
lyophilization
48
what are more capable than bacteria when growing in materials with low moisture or high osmotic pressure
molds and yeasts
49
denaturing proteins and dissolving lipids
alcohols
50
60-95%
aqueous ethanol
51
62-65%
isopropanol
52
best concentration for alcohol
70%
53
surfactants interact with the lipid in the cell membrane and with the surrounding water;
increases the surface tension
detergent/soap
54
original disinfectant of lister
phenols
55
most effective skin antiseptic
iodine
56
inhibits enzymatic activities
heavy metals
57
for cleansing wounds and contact lenses
H2O2
58
denatures protein;
bactericide and fungicide
formaldehyde
59
formaline water content
37%
60
10x more effective than formaldehyde and less toxic;
used for respiratory therapy equipment
glutaraldehyde
61
for sterilization of heat-sensitive equipments;
most effective cold sterilization technique
ethylene oxide
62
denatures protein
acids and alkalis
63
binding of + charged dye molecule to the -
;
skin antiseptic
crystal violet
64
kills other bacteria except MTB
malachite green
65
treatment of diseases with chemical compounds
chemotherapy
66
father of chemotherapy
paul ehrlich
67
what did paul ehrlich discover
salvarsan for syphilis
68
bacteriostatic; panicillium notatum; alexander fleming
penicillin
69
improved penicillin
ampicillin
70
from bacillus licheniformis;
against Staphylococcus and Streptococcus, Neisseria and Haemophilus
bacitracin
71
from streptomyces venezuelae
chloramphenicol
72
freezes the ribosome
erythromycin
73
broad spectrum
tetracycline
74
from streptomyces griseus for MTB and N. gonorrhoeae
streptomycin
75
Inhibition of Nucleic Acid Synthesis
RQST
Rifampin
Quinolones
Sulfonamides
Trimethoprim
76
condition wherein the microorganism becomes defiant to an antibiotic
drug resistance
77
organisms that have found a permanent home in some area of the body
Normal Flora/ Microbiota
78
microorganisms that establish residence in the host but do not produce a disease
Normal Flora/ Microbiota
79
not a permanent resident to one location
Transient Flora
80
microbe and host are both benefit
Symbiosis/ Mutualism
81
Symbiosis / Mutualism examples
Lactobacilli in the intestines synthesizes Vitamins K and B
82
one is benefited and the other is harmed
Parasitism
83
Parasitism examples
Staphylococcus on the skin
Neisseria in the throat
84
one is benefited and the other is unaffected
Commensalism
85
the host doesn’t show evidence of benefit or harm
Commensalism
86
Commensalism example
Mycobacterium smegmatis on the foreskin of the penis
87
normal flora can benefit the host by preventing the growth of other organisms
Mutual Antagonism
88
Mutual Antagonism examples
Penicillium on bacteria
Lactobacilli in the intestines
89
microbes that are potential pathogens
Opportunists
90
microorganisms that become pathogenic when the host is immunocompromised
Opportunists
91
Normal Flora of the Different Parts of the Body
1. skin
2. eyes
3. respiratory tract
4. digestive tract
5. genito-urinary tract
6. blood
92
a disease causing microorganism
pathogen
93
invasion or colonization of a host
infection
94
absence of ease ;
a condition of the body in which the functions are disturbed or deranged
disease
95
# signs and symptoms
redness
Rubor
96
# signs and symptoms
heat/fever
Calor
97
# signs and symptoms
pain
Dolor
98
# signs and symptoms
swelling / edema
Tumor
99
# signs and symptoms
loss of function
Functio laesa
100
occurs for a short time but the disease is rapid and severe;
seen in most hospital patients
Acute
101
occurs for a long time but milder and long lasting
Chronic
102
microbes are inactive but gets active to cause a disease
Latent
103
occurring in a small area
localized
104
wide area or throughout the body
systemic
105
from a specific point spreading to other parts
focal
106
bacteria in blood
bacteremia
107
multiplication of bacteria in blood
septicemia
108
toxins in blood
toxemia
109
occasional
sporadic
110
sporadic example
leprosy
111
constantly present in small number of population
endemic
112
endemic example
diarrhea
113
occurs for a short time but to a great number of population
epidemic
114
epidemic examples
measles
diphtheria
cholera
115
worldwide
pandemic
116
pandemic examples
Asian flu
SARS
AIDS
117
illness due to the transmission of the products of an etiologic agent or reservoir to a susceptible host directly or indirectly
communicable disease
118
illness due to direct transmission of etiologic agent from reservoir to susceptible host
contagious disease
119
the causative agent of a disease
etiologic agent
120
radiation, increase or decrease in temperature
physical
121
lead, alcohol, mercury
chemical
122
undernourishment, obesity, kwashiorkor
nutritional
123
bacterial, viral, mycotic, parasitic
infectious
124
involves the mode of transmission
environment
125
physical transfer of etiologic agent
mechanical
126
disease transferred are mostly fungal and STD
Physical Contact
127
transfer of microbes being expelled by coughing or sneezing of infected person reaching another who is close by
droplet
128
injections
percutaneous
129
needs intermediate agents
indirect transmission
130
more complicated;
etiologic agent undergoes biological change as it is transferred from one reservoir to the new host also requires vectors
biological transmission
131
intensity of the pathogenicity
virulence
132
An example of this is: Neisseria vs. MTB
ability to multiply in-vitro
133
in general, more pathogens would mean more chances of infection
number of pathogens
134
there would be no disease if the host’s resistance is high enough to prevent infection
resistance of the host
135
interval from infection to the first signs and symptoms
Prodromal / Incubation Period
136
shows the signs and symptoms
Clinical / Illness Period
137
regaining of strength
Convalescence
138
disease growth
1. Prodromal / Incubation Period
2. Clinical / Illness Period
3. Period of Decline
4. Convalescence
139
etiological triangle
host
environment
agent
140
signs and symptoms
1. Rubor - redness
2. Calor - heat/fever
3. Dolor - pain
4. Tumor - swelling/edema
5. Functio laesa - loss of function
