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2nd SEM > MIDTERM MICROBIO > Flashcards

MIDTERM MICROBIO Flashcards

1
Q

Physical Control
Application of Heat

A

Moist Heat
Dry Heat

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2
Q

water aids in the disruption of covalent bonds

A

moist heat

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3
Q

kills vegetative forms but not spores and viruses

A

boiling

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4
Q

boiling time and temp

A

100°C 15 – 30 minutes

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5
Q

steam for 30mins , 3 days

A

tyndallization

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6
Q

75-80°C for 2hrs , 3 days

A

inspissation

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7
Q

fractional sterilization

A

Tyndallization
inspissation

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8
Q

steam under pressure

A

autoclaving

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9
Q

autoclave time, temp, pressure

A

121°C
15 psi
15 – 30 minutes

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10
Q

sterilization for milk

A

pasteurization

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11
Q

pasteurization time and temp

A

62°C , 30min

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12
Q

kills by oxidation

A

dry heat

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13
Q

time depends on the penetration of heat on objects to be sterilized;
for metals and glasswares

A

hot air oven

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14
Q

hot air oven time and temp

A

160 – 180°C
1–2 hrs

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15
Q

usually for inoculating loops and needles

A

Direct Flame/ Incineration

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16
Q

Indians used to dry their food under the sun;
lack of water prevents multiplication

A

desiccation

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17
Q

3 types of radiation

A

UV light
microwave radiation
ionizing radiation

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18
Q

DNA replication is inhibited; forms thymine dimmers; can damage the cornea and skin

A

UV light

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19
Q

dislodge electrons from atoms and form ions;
cause mutations in DNA and produce peroxides;
used to sterilize medical supplies

A

ionizing radiation
(x-rays, gamma rays, etc)

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20
Q

heat is absorbed by water molecules;
may kill vegetative cells in moist foods

A

microwave radiation

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21
Q

physical separation of microbes from liquid

A

filtration

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22
Q

by plasmolysis

A

osmotic pressure

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23
Q

mechanical methods that disintegrate bacteria

A

Sonic Vibration, Trituration, Agitation

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24
Q

sound waves

A

sonic vibration

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25
Q

grinding

A

trituration

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26
Q

shaking

A

agitation

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27
Q

preservation method

A

lyophilization/ freeze-drying

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28
Q

a chemical substance that prevents growth of bacteria by either inhibiting or destroying microbes

A

antiseptic

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29
Q

used on the surface of skin or mucous membranes

A

antiseptic

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30
Q

kills many but not all microbes

A

disinfectant

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31
Q

aims to kill disease-causing microbes but not spore formers

A

disinfectant

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32
Q

used on inanimate objects

A

disinfectant

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32
Q

agents that inhibit the growth of bacteria

A

bacteriostatic

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33
Q

agents that kill bacteria

A

bactericide

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34
Q

variables of disinfection

A
  1. Concentration
  2. Time
  3. Temperature
  4. pH
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35
Q

formula for

A

n=1/CT

where:
N = no. of surviving bacteria
C = concentration
T = time

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36
Q

the lowest temperature at which all the microbes in a liquid culture will be killed in 10 mins

A

Thermal Death Point

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37
Q

the length of time required to kill all bacteria in a liquid culture at a given temperature

A

Thermal Death Time

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38
Q

the length of time in which 90% of a bacterial population will be killed at a given temperature

A

Decimal Reduction Time

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39
Q

burns organisms and physically destroys them

A

incineration

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40
Q

smaller scale of inceneration

A

direct flaming

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41
Q

the process of extreme drying

A

dessication

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42
Q

Physical Control
COLD

A
  1. freezing and refrigeration
  2. lyophilization
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43
Q

reduces metabolic rate of most microbes so they cannot reproduce or produce toxins

A

refrigeration

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44
Q

refrigeration temp

A

0-7°C

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45
Q

freezing that does not kill most microbes

A

flash freezing

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46
Q

freezing that is more harmful because ice crystals disrupt cell structure

A

slow freezing

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47
Q

a process in which water is removed from a product after it is frozen and placed under a vacuum, allowing ice to change directly from solid to vapor without passing through a liquid phase

A

lyophilization

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48
Q

what are more capable than bacteria when growing in materials with low moisture or high osmotic pressure

A

molds and yeasts

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49
Q

denaturing proteins and dissolving lipids

A

alcohols

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50
Q

60-95%

A

aqueous ethanol

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51
Q

62-65%

A

isopropanol

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52
Q

best concentration for alcohol

A

70%

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53
Q

surfactants interact with the lipid in the cell membrane and with the surrounding water;
increases the surface tension

A

detergent/soap

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54
Q

original disinfectant of lister

A

phenols

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55
Q

most effective skin antiseptic

A

iodine

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56
Q

inhibits enzymatic activities

A

heavy metals

57
Q

for cleansing wounds and contact lenses

A

H2O2

58
Q

denatures protein;
bactericide and fungicide

A

formaldehyde

59
Q

formaline water content

A

37%

60
Q

10x more effective than formaldehyde and less toxic;
used for respiratory therapy equipment

A

glutaraldehyde

61
Q

for sterilization of heat-sensitive equipments;
most effective cold sterilization technique

A

ethylene oxide

62
Q

denatures protein

A

acids and alkalis

63
Q

binding of + charged dye molecule to the -
;
skin antiseptic

A

crystal violet

64
Q

kills other bacteria except MTB

A

malachite green

65
Q

treatment of diseases with chemical compounds

A

chemotherapy

66
Q

father of chemotherapy

A

paul ehrlich

67
Q

what did paul ehrlich discover

A

salvarsan for syphilis

68
Q

bacteriostatic; panicillium notatum; alexander fleming

A

penicillin

69
Q

improved penicillin

A

ampicillin

70
Q

from bacillus licheniformis;
against Staphylococcus and Streptococcus, Neisseria and Haemophilus

A

bacitracin

71
Q

from streptomyces venezuelae

A

chloramphenicol

72
Q

freezes the ribosome

A

erythromycin

73
Q

broad spectrum

A

tetracycline

74
Q

from streptomyces griseus for MTB and N. gonorrhoeae

A

streptomycin

75
Q

Inhibition of Nucleic Acid Synthesis

A

RQST

Rifampin
Quinolones
Sulfonamides
Trimethoprim

76
Q

condition wherein the microorganism becomes defiant to an antibiotic

A

drug resistance

77
Q

organisms that have found a permanent home in some area of the body

A

Normal Flora/ Microbiota

78
Q

microorganisms that establish residence in the host but do not produce a disease

A

Normal Flora/ Microbiota

79
Q

not a permanent resident to one location

A

Transient Flora

80
Q

microbe and host are both benefit

A

Symbiosis/ Mutualism

81
Q

Symbiosis / Mutualism examples

A

Lactobacilli in the intestines synthesizes Vitamins K and B

82
Q

one is benefited and the other is harmed

A

Parasitism

83
Q

Parasitism examples

A

Staphylococcus on the skin
Neisseria in the throat

84
Q

one is benefited and the other is unaffected

A

Commensalism

85
Q

the host doesn’t show evidence of benefit or harm

A

Commensalism

86
Q

Commensalism example

A

Mycobacterium smegmatis on the foreskin of the penis

87
Q

normal flora can benefit the host by preventing the growth of other organisms

A

Mutual Antagonism

88
Q

Mutual Antagonism examples

A

Penicillium on bacteria
Lactobacilli in the intestines

89
Q

microbes that are potential pathogens

A

Opportunists

90
Q

microorganisms that become pathogenic when the host is immunocompromised

A

Opportunists

91
Q

Normal Flora of the Different Parts of the Body

A
  1. skin
  2. eyes
  3. respiratory tract
  4. digestive tract
  5. genito-urinary tract
  6. blood
92
Q

a disease causing microorganism

A

pathogen

93
Q

invasion or colonization of a host

A

infection

94
Q

absence of ease ;
a condition of the body in which the functions are disturbed or deranged

A

disease

95
Q

signs and symptoms

redness

A

Rubor

96
Q

signs and symptoms

heat/fever

A

Calor

97
Q

signs and symptoms

pain

A

Dolor

98
Q

signs and symptoms

swelling / edema

A

Tumor

99
Q

signs and symptoms

loss of function

A

Functio laesa

100
Q

occurs for a short time but the disease is rapid and severe;
seen in most hospital patients

A

Acute

101
Q

occurs for a long time but milder and long lasting

A

Chronic

102
Q

microbes are inactive but gets active to cause a disease

A

Latent

103
Q

occurring in a small area

A

localized

104
Q

wide area or throughout the body

A

systemic

105
Q

from a specific point spreading to other parts

A

focal

106
Q

bacteria in blood

A

bacteremia

107
Q

multiplication of bacteria in blood

A

septicemia

108
Q

toxins in blood

A

toxemia

109
Q

occasional

A

sporadic

110
Q

sporadic example

A

leprosy

111
Q

constantly present in small number of population

A

endemic

112
Q

endemic example

A

diarrhea

113
Q

occurs for a short time but to a great number of population

A

epidemic

114
Q

epidemic examples

A

measles
diphtheria
cholera

115
Q

worldwide

A

pandemic

116
Q

pandemic examples

A

Asian flu
SARS
AIDS

117
Q

illness due to the transmission of the products of an etiologic agent or reservoir to a susceptible host directly or indirectly

A

communicable disease

118
Q

illness due to direct transmission of etiologic agent from reservoir to susceptible host

A

contagious disease

119
Q

the causative agent of a disease

A

etiologic agent

120
Q

radiation, increase or decrease in temperature

A

physical

121
Q

lead, alcohol, mercury

A

chemical

122
Q

undernourishment, obesity, kwashiorkor

A

nutritional

123
Q

bacterial, viral, mycotic, parasitic

A

infectious

124
Q

involves the mode of transmission

A

environment

125
Q

physical transfer of etiologic agent

A

mechanical

126
Q

disease transferred are mostly fungal and STD

A

Physical Contact

127
Q

transfer of microbes being expelled by coughing or sneezing of infected person reaching another who is close by

A

droplet

128
Q

injections

A

percutaneous

129
Q

needs intermediate agents

A

indirect transmission

130
Q

more complicated;
etiologic agent undergoes biological change as it is transferred from one reservoir to the new host also requires vectors

A

biological transmission

131
Q

intensity of the pathogenicity

A

virulence

132
Q

An example of this is: Neisseria vs. MTB

A

ability to multiply in-vitro

133
Q

in general, more pathogens would mean more chances of infection

A

number of pathogens

134
Q

there would be no disease if the host’s resistance is high enough to prevent infection

A

resistance of the host

135
Q

interval from infection to the first signs and symptoms

A

Prodromal / Incubation Period

136
Q

shows the signs and symptoms

A

Clinical / Illness Period

137
Q

regaining of strength

A

Convalescence

138
Q

disease growth

A
  1. Prodromal / Incubation Period
  2. Clinical / Illness Period
  3. Period of Decline
  4. Convalescence
139
Q

etiological triangle

A

host
environment
agent

140
Q

signs and symptoms

A
  1. Rubor - redness
  2. Calor - heat/fever
  3. Dolor - pain
  4. Tumor - swelling/edema
  5. Functio laesa - loss of function

2nd SEM (16 decks)

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