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2nd SEM > MICROBIO EXAM > Flashcards

MICROBIO EXAM Flashcards

1
Q

the science of classification of organisms with the goal of showing relationships among organisms

A

Taxonomy

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2
Q

it is the means of identifying organisms

A

Taxonomy

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3
Q

classification, nomenclature, and identification

A

taxonomy

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4
Q

a formal system for organizing, classifying and naming living things

A

taxonomy

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5
Q

Domain

A

Bacteria and Archaea (unicellular prokaryotic organism)

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6
Q

composed of similar divisions or similarities of DNA and RNA

A

Kingdom

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7
Q

composed of similar class

A

Division

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8
Q

composed of similar orders

A

Class

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9
Q

composed of similar families

A

Order

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10
Q

composed of similar genera

A

Family

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11
Q

composed of similar specie

A

Genus

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12
Q

collection of bacterial strains w/ common physiologic and genetic features

A

Species

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13
Q

species are subdivided

A

Subspecies

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14
Q

9 Hierarchy of the taxa designation
(in order)

A
  1. Domain
  2. Kingdom
  3. Division
  4. Class
  5. Order
  6. Family
  7. Genus
  8. Species
  9. Subspecies
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15
Q

7 formal ranks

A

everything except Subspecies and Domain

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16
Q

the organization of microorganisms that share the similar morphologic, physiologic and genetic traits into specific groups or taxa

A

Classification

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17
Q

arrangement of the organism into groups

A

Classification

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18
Q

naming microorganism is according to rules and guidelines

A

Nomenclature

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19
Q

nomenclature

A

genus name caps, specie lower.
italicized in print, underlined in script.

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20
Q

nomenclature of bacteria

A

as a group, their names are neither capitalized nor underlined

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21
Q

the process by which a microorganism’s key features are delineated

A

Identification

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22
Q

the process of discovering and recording the traits of organisms so that they may be placed in overall taxonomic scheme

A

Identification

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23
Q

used to distinguish desirable properties of an organism from undesirable ones

A

Identification

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24
Q

used to identify the causative agent of diseases

A

Identification

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25
Q

relates to the organism’s genetic makeup

A

Genotype

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26
Q

the nature of the organism’s genes and constituent nucleic acid

A

Genotype

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27
Q

based on features beyond genetic level

A

Phenotype

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28
Q

includes readily observable characteristics and those characteristics that may require extensive analytic procedures to be tested

A

Phenotype

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29
Q

useful in routine identification and phylogenetic information

A

Classical Characteristics

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30
Q

what are classical characteristics

A

when two organisms share the same ancestor

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31
Q

based on the study of nucleic acid composition and proteins

A

Molecular Characteristics

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32
Q

chemical characterization of DNA

A

Molecular Characteristics

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33
Q

a population of organisms that is differentiated from populations with a particular taxonomic category

A

Strain

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34
Q

variant prokaryotic strains characterized by biochemical or physiological differences

A

Biovars

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35
Q

strains with distinctive antigenic properties

A

Serovars

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36
Q

variant prokaryotic strains which differ morphologically

A

Morphovars

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37
Q

outermost structure of the bacteria

A

cell envelope

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38
Q

peptidoglycan or murein layer

A

cell wall

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39
Q

compose of very thick peptidoglycan layer

A

Gram-positive cell wall

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40
Q

contains NAG and NAM

A

Gram-positive cell wall

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41
Q

what acid does Gram-positive cell wall contain

A

teichoic acid

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42
Q

prime target of peptidogylcan

A

Gram-positive cell wall

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43
Q

reproduction of Gram-positive cell wall

A

thru binary fision

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44
Q

composed of an outer membrane and an inner membrane

A

Gram-negative cell wall

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45
Q

composed of proteins, lipoproteins and lipopolysaccharides

A

outer membrane

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46
Q

the reason for high susceptibility to mechanical breakage

A

inner membrane

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47
Q

what does Gram-negative cell wall contain

A

periplasmic space & teichoic acid

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48
Q

contributes to the permeability of the cell wall

A

Gram-negative cell wall

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49
Q

has Gram-positive cell wall structure

A

Acid-Fast cell wall

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50
Q

what does Acid-Fast cell wall contain

A

waxy layer of glycolipids and fatty acids

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51
Q

no way of synthesizing peptidoglycan layer

A

Absence of cell wall

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52
Q

appears as fried egg colonies on a solid medium

A

Mycoplasma

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53
Q

phospholipid bilayer with embedded proteins

A

Plasma membrane

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54
Q

deepest layer of the cell envelope

A

plasma membrane

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55
Q

internal matrix of the cell

A

plasma membrane

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56
Q

acts as an osmotic barrier

A

plasma membrane

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57
Q

site for respiration and photosynthesis

A

plasma membrane

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58
Q

site for energy production

A

plasma membrane

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59
Q

how many genera and how many species

A

871 genera and 5007 species

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60
Q

3 phenotypic categories

A
  1. gram +
  2. gram -
  3. atypical - no cell wall
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61
Q

when was domain Archaea introduced

A

1977

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62
Q

ancient form of bacteria

A

Archaea

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63
Q

the Domain Archaea has many?

A

extremophiles

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64
Q

what does the Domain Archaea not contain

A

peptidoglycan

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65
Q

what is 10 to 300 nm in size

A

Acellular Infectious Agents

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66
Q

how are Acellular Infectious Agents seen

A

thru an electron microscope

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67
Q

the study of bacteria

A

bacteriology

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68
Q

berry, spherical shape

A

cocci

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69
Q

little stick or rod shaped

A

bacilli

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70
Q

rod shaped with convolutions

A

spiral

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71
Q

spiral types

A
  1. vibrio
  2. spirilla
  3. spirochetes
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72
Q

curved rods that resembles a comma in serpentine S-shaped

A

vibrio

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73
Q

spirals or corkscrew shape

A

spirilla

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74
Q

spiral with an ability to wriggle or flex

A

spirochetes

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75
Q

with no definite shape

A

pleomorphic

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76
Q

bacterial arrangement

A
  1. singles
  2. pairs
  3. chains
  4. clusters
  5. tetrads
  6. sarcina
  7. palacide
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77
Q

cell division occurs in a single plane

A

pairs

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78
Q

diplococci / diplobacilli arrangement

A

pair

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79
Q

streptococci/bacilli arrangment

A

chain

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80
Q

divides on 2 planes end to end

A

chains

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81
Q

staphylococci arrangement

A

cluster

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82
Q

grape-like

A

clusters

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83
Q

divides on 4 or more planes

A

clusters

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84
Q

in 4’s, divides on 2 planes

A

tetrads

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85
Q

in 8’s, divides on 3 planes

A

sarcina

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86
Q

side by side division

A

palaside

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87
Q

picket fence in appearance

A

palaside

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88
Q

bacteria size unit of measurement

A

micrometers

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89
Q

1 um =

A

1/25,000 inches
0.001mm

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90
Q

bacterial reproduction

A

transverse binary fission

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91
Q

growth cycle

A
  1. lag phase
  2. log phase
  3. stationary phase
  4. death phase
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92
Q

little or no multiplication

A

lag phase

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93
Q

the exponential phase

A

log phase

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94
Q

period of equilibrium

A

stationary phase

95
Q

reasons why cell divide and die in stationary phase

A

nutrients are depleted
toxic products accumulate

96
Q

the time required for the bacteria to divide and to double its population

A

generation time

97
Q

uses oxygen as the terminal electron acceptor and grows well in room air

A

aerobe

98
Q

cannot survive in the absence of air

A

obligate aerobe

99
Q

fundamentally anaerobes but can survive in the presence of air

A

facultative aerobe

100
Q

requires reduced amount of air for growth

A

microaerophile

101
Q

unable to use oxygen as an electron acceptor

A

anaerobe

102
Q

requires 5-10% of carbon dioxide for growth

A

capnophiles

103
Q

extreme cold loving

A

psychrodurics

104
Q

cold loving

A

psychrophiles

105
Q

pathogens

A

mesophiles

106
Q

heat loving

A

thermophiles

107
Q

extreme heat loving

A

thermodurics

108
Q

bacteria pH range

A

6.5 - 7.5

109
Q

decreased pH

A

acidophiles

110
Q

increased pH

A

alkaliphiles

111
Q

a major constituent of culture media

A

moisture

112
Q

high salt concentration

A

halophiles (30%)

113
Q

may survive at low salt concentration

A

facultative halophiles (2%)

114
Q

grows at extremely low salt concentration

A

non-halophiles (1.5% or less)

115
Q

necessary for the biologic synthesis of new organisms

A

nutrition

116
Q

study of vital life processes of microorganisms

A

microbial physiology

117
Q

chemicals involved in the metabolic processes of microbes

A

metabolic enzymes

118
Q

biological catalysts

A

enzymes

119
Q

produced and reacts within the cell

A

endoenzyme

120
Q

produced within the cell but released outside to catalyze extracellular

A

exoenzyme

121
Q

chemical reactions occurring in cell

A

metabolism

122
Q

end product of metabolism

A

metabolite

123
Q

it does not require organic matter for growth

A

photoautotrophs

124
Q

it requires organic compounds for growth

A

photoheterotrophs

125
Q

autotrophs that uses an inorganic substrate

A

lithoautotrophs

126
Q

glucose is usually the source which supports the fermentative and respiratory growth

A

heterotrophs

127
Q

maintains cell shape

A

cell wall

128
Q

thicker in Gram+

A

peptidoglycan

129
Q

seen in bacteria whose peptidoglycan layer is removed but are still viable

A

protoplast

130
Q

protein attached to peptidoglycan layer

A

teichoic acid

131
Q

found in Gram negative only

A

outer membrane

132
Q

space between outer membrane and plasma membrane

A

periplasmic space

133
Q

capable of producing antibodies

A

antigenic

134
Q

fluid mosaic model

A

plasma membrane

135
Q

requires energy

A

active transport

136
Q

oxidative, phosphorylation

A

energy generation

137
Q

contains the cytosol or the amorphous matrix

A

cytoplasm

138
Q

for protein synthesis

A

ribosomes

139
Q

storage site of nutrients

A

granules

140
Q

single circular molecule of DNA

A

nucleoid

141
Q

extrachromosomal circular molecule of DNA

A

plasmids

142
Q

transferred from one bacteria to another thru CONJUGATION by the pili

A

transmissible

143
Q

Antibiotic Resistance – this is the reason why resistance of bacteria to antibiotics are carried from one bacteria to another

A

non-transmissible

144
Q

also known as Jumping Genes

A

transposons

145
Q

an excretory product that is polysaccharide in nature

A

capsule

146
Q

contains the protein flagellin

A

flagella

147
Q

no flagellum

A

atrichous

148
Q

1 flagellum at 1 pole

A

monotrichous

149
Q

tuft of flagella at one pole

A

lophotrichous

150
Q

tuft of flagella at both poles

A

amphitrichous

151
Q

flagellated all over

A

peritrichous

152
Q

straight and short appendages

A

pili

153
Q

composed of loose polysaccharide

A

glycocalyx

154
Q

formed in response to adverse conditions in the environment

A

spores

155
Q
A
156
Q

replication of gene information

A
  1. initiation
  2. unwinding
  3. unzipping
  4. synthesis of new DNA
  5. termination of replication
157
Q

what are the replication enzymes

A
  1. DNA helicase
  2. DNA polymerases
  3. primase
  4. DNA ligase
  5. topoisomerase
  6. exonuclease
158
Q

unwinds and separates double-stranded DNA as it moves along the DNA

A

DNA helicase

159
Q

synthesize new DNA molecules by adding nucleotides to leading and lagging DNA stands

A

DNA polymerase

160
Q

RNA polymerase that generates RNA primers

A

primase

161
Q

act as templates for starting point of DNA replication

A

primers

162
Q

joins DNA fragments together

A

DNA ligase

163
Q

unwinds and rewinds DNA strands to prevent the DNA from becoming tangled or supercoiled

A

topoisomerase

164
Q

a group of enzymes that removes nucleotide bases from the end of a DNA chain

A

exonucleases

165
Q

ways in which bacteria acquire new genetic information

A
  1. mutation
  2. recombination
  3. lysogenic conversion
  4. bacterial conjugation
  5. transformation
  6. transduction
166
Q

alteration of genes

A

mutation

167
Q

mutation classifications

A
  1. mutant
  2. mutagen
168
Q

3 categories of mutation

A
  1. beneficial mutation
  2. harmful mutation
  3. silent mutation
169
Q

mutation that is of benefit to the organism

A

beneficial mutation

170
Q

mutation that leads to the production of a non-functional gene

A

harmful utation

171
Q

leads to death of an organism

A

lethal mutation

172
Q

mutation that has no affect on the cell

A

silent mutation

173
Q

mutation that causes no change in function

A

silent mutation

174
Q

types of recombination

A
  1. general recombination
  2. specific recombination
  3. replicative recombination
175
Q

a segment of the DNA of one bacteria (donor) enters and is exchanged with the DNA of another bacteria (recipient)

A

genetic recombination

176
Q

one base is inserted in the place of another

A

base substitution

177
Q

bases of purine

A

adenine
guanine

178
Q

bases of pyrimidines

A

cytosine
uracil
thymine

179
Q

pairing

A

C - G
A - T (DNA)
A - U (RNA)

180
Q

triplets of bases

A

codon

181
Q

one way to kill bacteria

A

thru mutation

182
Q

one base is either inserted or deleted

A

frame shift mutation

183
Q

causes of mutation

A
  1. chemicals
  2. radiation
  3. viruses
184
Q

the most common form that involves a reciprocal exchange between a pair of homologous DNA sequences

A

general recombination

185
Q

the genetic material is not homologous with the chromosome it joins

A

specific recombination

186
Q

enzymes responsible for this event are specific for the particular virus and its host

A

specific recombination

187
Q

accompanies the replication of genetic material and does not depend on sequence homology

A

replicative recombination

188
Q

Used by genetic elements that move about the chromosome

A

replicative recombination

189
Q

types of bacteriophage

A
  1. virulent phage
  2. temperate/lysogenic phage
190
Q

Phages that lyse their host

A

virulent phage

191
Q

always cause the lytic cycle to occur ending with the destruction (lysis) of the bacterial cell

A

virulent phage

192
Q

integrate their genomes into the host genome

A

temperate/lysogenic phage

193
Q

when the bacteriophage DNA is integrated into the bacterial chromosome

A

lysogeny

194
Q

the bacteriophage DNA replicates along with the chromosome

A

temperate/lysogenic phage

195
Q

happens when the viral DNA becomes integrated in the host cell chromosome and no progeny virus particles are produced at that

A

lysogenic cycle

196
Q

Transfer of genetic information by
direct cell-to-cell contact

A

Bacterial Conjugation

197
Q

what pilus is involved in bacterial conjugation

A

sex pilus

198
Q

The sex pilus is used to attach to
another sex pilus of another bacterial cell

A

bacterial conjugation

199
Q

where is the genetic material transferred through

A

hollow sex pilus

200
Q

the uptake of a cell by a naked DNA molecule or fragment from the medium and the incorporation of this molecule into the recipient chromosome in a heritable form

A

transformation

201
Q

When bacteria lyze, they release considerable amounts of DNA into the surrounding environment.

A

transformation

202
Q

If a fragment contacts a competent cell (one able to take up DNA and be transformed), it can be bound to a cell and taken inside

A

transformation

203
Q

The transfer of bacterial genes by viruses

A

transduction

204
Q

types of transduction

A
  1. generalized transduction
  2. specialized transduction
205
Q

Occurs during the lytic cycle of virulent or temperate phages and can transfer any part of the bacterial genome

A

generalized transduction

206
Q

Occurs during the assembly stage of viral replication

A

generalized transduction

207
Q

restricted transduction

A

specialized transduction

208
Q

The transducing particle carries only specific portions of the bacterial genome

A

specialized transduction

209
Q

Made possible by an error in the lysogenic life cycle

A

specialized transduction

210
Q

small and circular DNA molecules that can exist independently of host chromosomes

A

plasmids

211
Q

a DNA molecule or sequence that has a replication origin and is capable of being replicated

A

replicon

212
Q

a plasmid that can exist either with or without being integrated into the host’s chromosome

A

episome

213
Q

Have genes for pili and can transfer copies of themselves to other bacteria during conjugation

A

conjugative plasmids

214
Q

Plays a major role in conjugation

A

fertility factor or F factor

215
Q

Bears genes responsible for cell attachment and plasmid transfer between specific bacterial strains during conjugation

A

fertility factor or F factor

216
Q

capable of destroying or modifying antibiotics

A

R factor

217
Q

They are also conjugative plasmids, thus they can spread throughout a population

A

R factor

218
Q

These plasmids are readily transferred between species that further promotes the spread of resistance

A

R factor

219
Q

Plasmids with genes that may give them a competitive advantage in the microbial world

A

col plasmids

220
Q

colicins are produced by?

A

E. coli

221
Q

what do col plasmids code

A

bacteriocins

222
Q

Makes host more pathogenic because the bacterium is better able to resist host defense or to produce toxins

A

virulence plasmid

223
Q

Carry genes that degrade substances such as aromatic compounds, pesticides, and sugars

A

metabolic plasmid

224
Q

capability to cause a disease

A

pathogenicity

225
Q

discovered the microscope

A

antoni van leeuwenhoek

226
Q

he described microorganisms as animalcules

A

antoni van leeuwenhoek
(animalcules = little animals)

227
Q

other discoveries of antoni van leeuwenhoek

A

sperm
first accounts of RBC
accounts of the blood vessels

228
Q

theory of spontaneous generation

A

living things arise from non-living things

229
Q

who disproved the theory of spontaneous generation

A

francesco redi

230
Q

francesco redi experiment

A

meat in jar, covered with gauze, no maggots spawned

231
Q

who supports the theory of spontaneous generation

A

john needham

232
Q

he claimed that in his experiment, boiling, covering or other precautionary device didn’t prevent the growth of microorganisms

A

john needham

233
Q

who introduced “biogenesis”

A

rudolf virchow
biogenesis = cells arise from pre-existing cells

234
Q

group of bacteria derived from a single cell

A

strain

2nd SEM (16 decks)

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