MICROBIO EXAM Flashcards
1
Q
the science of classification of organisms with the goal of showing relationships among organisms
A
Taxonomy
2
Q
it is the means of identifying organisms
A
Taxonomy
3
Q
classification, nomenclature, and identification
A
taxonomy
4
Q
a formal system for organizing, classifying and naming living things
A
taxonomy
5
Q
Domain
A
Bacteria and Archaea (unicellular prokaryotic organism)
6
Q
composed of similar divisions or similarities of DNA and RNA
A
Kingdom
7
Q
composed of similar class
A
Division
8
Q
composed of similar orders
A
Class
9
Q
composed of similar families
A
Order
10
Q
composed of similar genera
A
Family
11
Q
composed of similar specie
A
Genus
12
Q
collection of bacterial strains w/ common physiologic and genetic features
A
Species
13
Q
species are subdivided
A
Subspecies
14
Q
9 Hierarchy of the taxa designation
(in order)
A
- Domain
- Kingdom
- Division
- Class
- Order
- Family
- Genus
- Species
- Subspecies
15
Q
7 formal ranks
A
everything except Subspecies and Domain
16
Q
the organization of microorganisms that share the similar morphologic, physiologic and genetic traits into specific groups or taxa
A
Classification
17
Q
arrangement of the organism into groups
A
Classification
18
Q
naming microorganism is according to rules and guidelines
A
Nomenclature
19
Q
nomenclature
A
genus name caps, specie lower.
italicized in print, underlined in script.
20
Q
nomenclature of bacteria
A
as a group, their names are neither capitalized nor underlined
21
Q
the process by which a microorganism’s key features are delineated
A
Identification
22
Q
the process of discovering and recording the traits of organisms so that they may be placed in overall taxonomic scheme
A
Identification
23
Q
used to distinguish desirable properties of an organism from undesirable ones
A
Identification
24
Q
used to identify the causative agent of diseases
A
Identification
25
relates to the organism's genetic makeup
Genotype
26
the nature of the organism's genes and constituent nucleic acid
Genotype
27
based on features beyond genetic level
Phenotype
28
includes readily observable characteristics and those characteristics that may require extensive analytic procedures to be tested
Phenotype
29
useful in routine identification and phylogenetic information
Classical Characteristics
30
what are classical characteristics
when two organisms share the same ancestor
31
based on the study of nucleic acid composition and proteins
Molecular Characteristics
32
chemical characterization of DNA
Molecular Characteristics
33
a population of organisms that is differentiated from populations with a particular taxonomic category
Strain
34
variant prokaryotic strains characterized by biochemical or physiological differences
Biovars
35
strains with distinctive antigenic properties
Serovars
36
variant prokaryotic strains which differ morphologically
Morphovars
37
outermost structure of the bacteria
cell envelope
38
peptidoglycan or murein layer
cell wall
39
compose of very thick peptidoglycan layer
Gram-positive cell wall
40
contains NAG and NAM
Gram-positive cell wall
41
what acid does Gram-positive cell wall contain
teichoic acid
42
prime target of peptidogylcan
Gram-positive cell wall
43
reproduction of Gram-positive cell wall
thru binary fision
44
composed of an outer membrane and an inner membrane
Gram-negative cell wall
45
composed of proteins, lipoproteins and lipopolysaccharides
outer membrane
46
the reason for high susceptibility to mechanical breakage
inner membrane
47
what does Gram-negative cell wall contain
periplasmic space & teichoic acid
48
contributes to the permeability of the cell wall
Gram-negative cell wall
49
has Gram-positive cell wall structure
Acid-Fast cell wall
50
what does Acid-Fast cell wall contain
waxy layer of glycolipids and fatty acids
51
no way of synthesizing peptidoglycan layer
Absence of cell wall
52
appears as fried egg colonies on a solid medium
Mycoplasma
53
phospholipid bilayer with embedded proteins
Plasma membrane
54
deepest layer of the cell envelope
plasma membrane
55
internal matrix of the cell
plasma membrane
56
acts as an osmotic barrier
plasma membrane
57
site for respiration and photosynthesis
plasma membrane
58
site for energy production
plasma membrane
59
how many genera and how many species
871 genera and 5007 species
60
3 phenotypic categories
1. gram +
2. gram -
3. atypical - no cell wall
61
when was domain Archaea introduced
1977
62
ancient form of bacteria
Archaea
63
the Domain Archaea has many?
extremophiles
64
what does the Domain Archaea not contain
peptidoglycan
65
what is 10 to 300 nm in size
Acellular Infectious Agents
66
how are Acellular Infectious Agents seen
thru an electron microscope
67
the study of bacteria
bacteriology
68
berry, spherical shape
cocci
69
little stick or rod shaped
bacilli
70
rod shaped with convolutions
spiral
71
spiral types
1. vibrio
2. spirilla
3. spirochetes
72
curved rods that resembles a comma in serpentine S-shaped
vibrio
73
spirals or corkscrew shape
spirilla
74
spiral with an ability to wriggle or flex
spirochetes
75
with no definite shape
pleomorphic
76
bacterial arrangement
1. singles
2. pairs
3. chains
4. clusters
5. tetrads
6. sarcina
7. palacide
77
cell division occurs in a single plane
pairs
78
diplococci / diplobacilli arrangement
pair
79
streptococci/bacilli arrangment
chain
80
divides on 2 planes end to end
chains
81
staphylococci arrangement
cluster
82
grape-like
clusters
83
divides on 4 or more planes
clusters
84
in 4's, divides on 2 planes
tetrads
85
in 8's, divides on 3 planes
sarcina
86
side by side division
palaside
87
picket fence in appearance
palaside
88
bacteria size unit of measurement
micrometers
89
1 um =
1/25,000 inches
0.001mm
90
bacterial reproduction
transverse binary fission
91
growth cycle
1. lag phase
2. log phase
3. stationary phase
4. death phase
92
little or no multiplication
lag phase
93
the exponential phase
log phase
94
period of equilibrium
stationary phase
95
reasons why cell divide and die in stationary phase
nutrients are depleted
toxic products accumulate
96
the time required for the bacteria to divide and to double its population
generation time
97
uses oxygen as the terminal electron acceptor and grows well in room air
aerobe
98
cannot survive in the absence of air
obligate aerobe
99
fundamentally anaerobes but can survive in the presence of air
facultative aerobe
100
requires reduced amount of air for growth
microaerophile
101
unable to use oxygen as an electron acceptor
anaerobe
102
requires 5-10% of carbon dioxide for growth
capnophiles
103
extreme cold loving
psychrodurics
104
cold loving
psychrophiles
105
pathogens
mesophiles
106
heat loving
thermophiles
107
extreme heat loving
thermodurics
108
bacteria pH range
6.5 - 7.5
109
decreased pH
acidophiles
110
increased pH
alkaliphiles
111
a major constituent of culture media
moisture
112
high salt concentration
halophiles (30%)
113
may survive at low salt concentration
facultative halophiles (2%)
114
grows at extremely low salt concentration
non-halophiles (1.5% or less)
115
necessary for the biologic synthesis of new organisms
nutrition
116
study of vital life processes of microorganisms
microbial physiology
117
chemicals involved in the metabolic processes of microbes
metabolic enzymes
118
biological catalysts
enzymes
119
produced and reacts within the cell
endoenzyme
120
produced within the cell but released outside to catalyze extracellular
exoenzyme
121
chemical reactions occurring in cell
metabolism
122
end product of metabolism
metabolite
123
it does not require organic matter for growth
photoautotrophs
124
it requires organic compounds for growth
photoheterotrophs
125
autotrophs that uses an inorganic substrate
lithoautotrophs
126
glucose is usually the source which supports the fermentative and respiratory growth
heterotrophs
127
maintains cell shape
cell wall
128
thicker in Gram+
peptidoglycan
129
seen in bacteria whose peptidoglycan layer is removed but are still viable
protoplast
130
protein attached to peptidoglycan layer
teichoic acid
131
found in Gram negative only
outer membrane
132
space between outer membrane and plasma membrane
periplasmic space
133
capable of producing antibodies
antigenic
134
fluid mosaic model
plasma membrane
135
requires energy
active transport
136
oxidative, phosphorylation
energy generation
137
contains the cytosol or the amorphous matrix
cytoplasm
138
for protein synthesis
ribosomes
139
storage site of nutrients
granules
140
single circular molecule of DNA
nucleoid
141
extrachromosomal circular molecule of DNA
plasmids
142
transferred from one bacteria to another thru CONJUGATION by the pili
transmissible
143
Antibiotic Resistance – this is the reason why resistance of bacteria to antibiotics are carried from one bacteria to another
non-transmissible
144
also known as Jumping Genes
transposons
145
an excretory product that is polysaccharide in nature
capsule
146
contains the protein flagellin
flagella
147
no flagellum
atrichous
148
1 flagellum at 1 pole
monotrichous
149
tuft of flagella at one pole
lophotrichous
150
tuft of flagella at both poles
amphitrichous
151
flagellated all over
peritrichous
152
straight and short appendages
pili
153
composed of loose polysaccharide
glycocalyx
154
formed in response to adverse conditions in the environment
spores
155
156
replication of gene information
1. initiation
2. unwinding
3. unzipping
4. synthesis of new DNA
5. termination of replication
157
what are the replication enzymes
1. DNA helicase
2. DNA polymerases
3. primase
4. DNA ligase
5. topoisomerase
6. exonuclease
158
unwinds and separates double-stranded DNA as it moves along the DNA
DNA helicase
159
synthesize new DNA molecules by adding nucleotides to leading and lagging DNA stands
DNA polymerase
160
RNA polymerase that generates RNA primers
primase
161
act as templates for starting point of DNA replication
primers
162
joins DNA fragments together
DNA ligase
163
unwinds and rewinds DNA strands to prevent the DNA from becoming tangled or supercoiled
topoisomerase
164
a group of enzymes that removes nucleotide bases from the end of a DNA chain
exonucleases
165
ways in which bacteria acquire new genetic information
1. mutation
2. recombination
3. lysogenic conversion
4. bacterial conjugation
5. transformation
6. transduction
166
alteration of genes
mutation
167
mutation classifications
1. mutant
2. mutagen
168
3 categories of mutation
1. beneficial mutation
2. harmful mutation
3. silent mutation
169
mutation that is of benefit to the organism
beneficial mutation
170
mutation that leads to the production of a non-functional gene
harmful utation
171
leads to death of an organism
lethal mutation
172
mutation that has no affect on the cell
silent mutation
173
mutation that causes no change in function
silent mutation
174
types of recombination
1. general recombination
2. specific recombination
3. replicative recombination
175
a segment of the DNA of one bacteria (donor) enters and is exchanged with the DNA of another bacteria (recipient)
genetic recombination
176
one base is inserted in the place of another
base substitution
177
bases of purine
adenine
guanine
178
bases of pyrimidines
cytosine
uracil
thymine
179
pairing
C - G
A - T (DNA)
A - U (RNA)
180
triplets of bases
codon
181
one way to kill bacteria
thru mutation
182
one base is either inserted or deleted
frame shift mutation
183
causes of mutation
1. chemicals
2. radiation
3. viruses
184
the most common form that involves a reciprocal exchange between a pair of homologous DNA sequences
general recombination
185
the genetic material is not homologous with the chromosome it joins
specific recombination
186
enzymes responsible for this event are specific for the particular virus and its host
specific recombination
187
accompanies the replication of genetic material and does not depend on sequence homology
replicative recombination
188
Used by genetic elements that move about the chromosome
replicative recombination
189
types of bacteriophage
1. virulent phage
2. temperate/lysogenic phage
190
Phages that lyse their host
virulent phage
191
always cause the lytic cycle to occur ending with the destruction (lysis) of the bacterial cell
virulent phage
192
integrate their genomes into the host genome
temperate/lysogenic phage
193
when the bacteriophage DNA is integrated into the bacterial chromosome
lysogeny
194
the bacteriophage DNA replicates along with the chromosome
temperate/lysogenic phage
195
happens when the viral DNA becomes integrated in the host cell chromosome and no progeny virus particles are produced at that
lysogenic cycle
196
Transfer of genetic information by
direct cell-to-cell contact
Bacterial Conjugation
197
what pilus is involved in bacterial conjugation
sex pilus
198
The sex pilus is used to attach to
another sex pilus of another bacterial cell
bacterial conjugation
199
where is the genetic material transferred through
hollow sex pilus
200
the uptake of a cell by a naked DNA molecule or fragment from the medium and the incorporation of this molecule into the recipient chromosome in a heritable form
transformation
201
When bacteria lyze, they release considerable amounts of DNA into the surrounding environment.
transformation
202
If a fragment contacts a competent cell (one able to take up DNA and be transformed), it can be bound to a cell and taken inside
transformation
203
The transfer of bacterial genes by viruses
transduction
204
types of transduction
1. generalized transduction
2. specialized transduction
205
Occurs during the lytic cycle of virulent or temperate phages and can transfer any part of the bacterial genome
generalized transduction
206
Occurs during the assembly stage of viral replication
generalized transduction
207
restricted transduction
specialized transduction
208
The transducing particle carries only specific portions of the bacterial genome
specialized transduction
209
Made possible by an error in the lysogenic life cycle
specialized transduction
210
small and circular DNA molecules that can exist independently of host chromosomes
plasmids
211
a DNA molecule or sequence that has a replication origin and is capable of being replicated
replicon
212
a plasmid that can exist either with or without being integrated into the host's chromosome
episome
213
Have genes for pili and can transfer copies of themselves to other bacteria during conjugation
conjugative plasmids
214
Plays a major role in conjugation
fertility factor or F factor
215
Bears genes responsible for cell attachment and plasmid transfer between specific bacterial strains during conjugation
fertility factor or F factor
216
capable of destroying or modifying antibiotics
R factor
217
They are also conjugative plasmids, thus they can spread throughout a population
R factor
218
These plasmids are readily transferred between species that further promotes the spread of resistance
R factor
219
Plasmids with genes that may give them a competitive advantage in the microbial world
col plasmids
220
colicins are produced by?
E. coli
221
what do col plasmids code
bacteriocins
222
Makes host more pathogenic because the bacterium is better able to resist host defense or to produce toxins
virulence plasmid
223
Carry genes that degrade substances such as aromatic compounds, pesticides, and sugars
metabolic plasmid
224
capability to cause a disease
pathogenicity
225
discovered the microscope
antoni van leeuwenhoek
226
he described microorganisms as animalcules
antoni van leeuwenhoek
(animalcules = little animals)
227
other discoveries of antoni van leeuwenhoek
sperm
first accounts of RBC
accounts of the blood vessels
228
theory of spontaneous generation
living things arise from non-living things
229
who disproved the theory of spontaneous generation
francesco redi
230
francesco redi experiment
meat in jar, covered with gauze, no maggots spawned
231
who supports the theory of spontaneous generation
john needham
232
he claimed that in his experiment, boiling, covering or other precautionary device didn’t prevent the growth of microorganisms
john needham
233
who introduced "biogenesis"
rudolf virchow
biogenesis = cells arise from pre-existing cells
234
group of bacteria derived from a single cell
strain
