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Adult Development > Midterm- Lecture 6 (Ch.4) > Flashcards

Midterm- Lecture 6 (Ch.4) Flashcards

1
Q

What is the definition of intelligence?

A

Visible indicator of cognitive processes

How efficient various cognitive processes are in working together behind the scenes to process info in a variety of ways

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2
Q

What is psychometrics?

A

Field of psych that studies the measurement of human abilities such as intelligence

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3
Q

What is the IQ (intelligence quotient)?

A

Stable with age

A way in which we measure the general capacity of intelligence

Scale score

  • 100 is normal
  • above 100 are above average
  • below 100 are below average
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4
Q

What is a g rating?

A

Measurable intelligence capacity

Describes how we cognitively approach various tasks

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5
Q

What does an IQ subtest measure?

A

Measurement of verbal comprehension, perceptional reasoning, working memory and processing speed

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6
Q

Does aging have an effect of intelligence?

A

Some decline in intelligence

Less severe than thought

Becomes substantial well in your 80s

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7
Q

What is the Flynn effect?

A

Named after a psychologist James Flynn

Average IQ had increased steadily over the 20th century

Argues that the increase is main due to changes in modern life

Advanced in education, greater use of tech, and more people being engaged in intellectually demanding work

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8
Q

What is crystallized intelligence?

A

Knowledge based on experience, culture and education

Can continue to grow well into the 60s

Gradual decline in 70s

Ex: reason about real life problems, life skills or finding items in grocery store

Measured by vocab and verbal comprehension on standardized tests

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9
Q

What is fluid intelligence?

A

Biological process

Basic set of abilities believed to be more under the influence of biological processes

Test of memory measures fluid intelligence

Adaptation to new situations

Nonverbal fluid declines with age before verbal or crystallized intelligence

Decline at about 35-40

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10
Q

Can anything be done to reverse the moderate decline in IQ shown in longitudinal studies?

A

Component training- Specific exercises geared towards specific intellectual ability components

Ex: inductive reasoning

Or

Physical exercise

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11
Q

Is intelligence a predictor of health and longevity?

A

Yes

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12
Q

What is the definition of memory?

A

The ability to retain or store info and retrieve it when needed

Age 65 notice some decline in memory

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13
Q

What is the sensory store?

A

Refers to the initial step as info is picked up by the senses and processed briefly by the perceptual system

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14
Q

What is the short term store?

A

2nd step

Info is held for several seconds and either discarded or encoded for storage in the long term store

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15
Q

What is the long term store?

A

Info can be housed for years

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16
Q

What is short term memory?

A

Important for performing nearly all other cognitive tasks

The ability to hold info in mind for a brief period of time

Referred to as primary memory

Passive maintenance of info

Can be measured by Digit Span Test/ Task

Stable over time

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17
Q

What is working memory?

A

Amount of info held in mind while performing some type of operation on it

Associated with performing almost all other cognitive tasks

Central component of executive functioning

Critical for math problems

Declines as you age (spatial, locations)

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18
Q

What does executive function represent?

A

Processes involved in regulating attention and determining what to do with all of the info

Declines in older adults

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19
Q

What is declarative memory or explicit memory?

A

Knowledge consciously aware of and can be tested by word recall tests or recognition memory

2 types:

  • semantic
  • episodic
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20
Q

What is semantic declarative memory?

A

Knowledge of language, rules, and concepts

Fairly stable before age 75 and can increase through 70s

Segment of long term store that contains factual info

Word finding failures- word is at tip of my tongue
Name retrieval’s

Increase than decreases

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21
Q

What is episodic declarative memory?

A

Ability to recall events

Declines relatively slow and gradual through age 90

Segment of long term store that contains info about sequences of events

Begins to decline in late teens and early 20s

Decline faster

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22
Q

What is non-declarative or procedural memory?

A

Responsible for skill learning and retention

Little changes as we age other than task requiring speed for performance

Ex: riding a bike/ driving/ tying your shoes

Can be declarative and non declarative

Depends on motor systems

Skill learned becomes mental process

Not available non conscious awareness

23
Q

What is prospective memory?

A

Remembering to do something later

Task specific

Declines with age

Linked to executive functioning that declines with age

Ex: taking medication

24
Q

What can you do to slow decline in memory abilities?

A

Training-
improves memory function but it doesn’t do away with decline completely

External memory aides-
Making lists, taking notes, timers

25
Q

What does contextual perspective of memory believe?

A

Traditional lab studies fail to consider that cognitive processes take place within the context of our lives

26
Q

What is the adaptive nature of cognition?

A

As we age our life changes and how we adapt our cognitive styles to fit those changes is a measure of successful aging

27
Q

What is a stereotype threat?

A

Negative stereotypes of aging and memory ability

Contextual factor

Get anxiety if they are put in a position that confirms stereotype

28
Q

What is the choice type of decision adults are frequently recruited to make across life span?

A

Choosing among a set of alternatives that have multiple attributes

Older people use less info and took less time than younger people to make their choice (with no difference between the choices)

29
Q

What is the emotional regulation type of decision adults are frequently recruited to make across life span?

A

Older adults often show better decision making skills than younger adults especially when interpersonal problems are confronted

Use an avoidant denial strategy- evaluate a criticism is valid

30
Q

What is the positivity bias type of decision adults are frequently recruited to make across life span?

A

Tendency for older adults to remember emotionally positive stimuli over emotionally negative stimuli

Social emotional selectivity theory- explanation for older adults use of positivity bias

31
Q

What are individual health differences in cognitive changes?

A

Vision and hearing loss- 93% of variance in IQ measures

Chronic disease- Alzheimer’s, obesity + high blood pressure, thyroid disease, cardiovascular

Medication- side effects (strongly metabolize)

32
Q

What is the common cause hypothesis or brain aging?

A

Age related changes in brain (white matter) might be considered the over arching commonality that links the decline of intellectual abilities with decline in sensory abilities in older adults

33
Q

What are the 2 individual genetic differences in cognitive changes?

A

Heritability scores

Conflictive ability- found to be among most heritable behavioral traits

34
Q

What is heritability scores?

A

Measure the strength of genetic influences at play

35
Q

What are individual demographic and sociobiographical history differences in cognitive changes?

A

Gender differences- women have advantage in episodic memory, verbal tasks and maintenance in brain waves

Military

Sociobiographical history

36
Q

What is the sociobiographical history?

A

Level of professional prestige, social position, and income experienced throughout ones life

37
Q

What are individual schooling differences in cognitive changes?

A

Formal education

Measuring tests

38
Q

What is formal education?

A

Predicts the rate of cognitive decline

Less decline is found with more formal years of education

39
Q

What are measuring tests?

A

Some tests used to measure cognitive ability may actually be measuring education level instead

40
Q

What are individual intellectual activity differences in cognitive changes?

A

Studies have shown that cognitive processes are preserved in later adulthood for people who exercise those processes regularly through such activities (playing chess and cross word puzzles)

Read, travel, take classes, social, have hobbies

41
Q

How does cardiovascular aerobic exercise help cognition?

A

Promotes cell growth in brain structures increases cognitive ability

42
Q

What are individual subjective evaluation of decline differences in cognitive changes?

A

Our own opinion of our cognitive abilities

43
Q

What is medication adherence?

A

The ability of patients to follow their physicians instructions about taking their prescribed medication in the right dosage at the right time and for the right length of time

Biggest and preventable problem

1/2 of older adults do not adhere to physicians orders

Higher death rates and QOL

44
Q

What is lack of adherence linked to?

A

Economic status, side effects, quality of doctor and client relationship

Cognitive issues- prospective memory problems

45
Q

Does social support decline with age?

A

Yes

46
Q

Did social media and cell phone use decline with age?

A

No it increased

Email used to speak with grand children

47
Q

Can e-readers and electronic games be used to assist with cognitive abilities?

A

Yes, more adults use these because of more advantages

Wii- address cognitive and physical activity

48
Q

What age groups are more likely to be involved in MVA?

A

Under age of 20

Over 70

49
Q

What is the useful field of view?

A

Area of the visual field that can be processed in one glance

Reduced in older adults

Older adults 2x more likely to be in MVA than normal field of view

50
Q

What are examples of cognitive gains?

A

New stages of understanding

Increase wisdom

Finding new ways to perform old tasks

Improving certain skills because of the loss of others

Learning to work with partners as collaborators

51
Q

What was the psychologist name who argued cognitive changes can be losses and gains?

A

Roger Dickson

52
Q

What are the 2 sub types of knowledge/ memory?

A

1) declarative

2) nondeclarative

53
Q

True or false: most adults over age 56 will notice some memory decline

A

True

54
Q

What factors affect age related cognitive changes?

A

Vision/ hearing loss

Chronic disease

Genetics

Diet/ nutrition

Military advantage

Medications

Socioeconomic status

Gender differences

Adult Development (11 decks)

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