Final- Chapter 5 Flashcards by Rebecca Charidemou

What are social roles?

Expected behaviors and attitudes that come with ones position in society

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What is a role transition?

Roles changes with life circumstances

Emphasis is on the idea that roles are neither gained or lost but will change as life circumstances change

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What is a social clock?

Similar to a biological clock

Patterns of change in social roles over adulthood- normal sequences of adult life experiences

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What did the biological clock look at?

Health and physical function throughout adulthood

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What are gender roles?

What men and women actually do in a given culture during a given historical era

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What are gender stereotypes?

Sets of shared beliefs or generalizations about what men and women in a society have in common

Indicates what each gender does and how they should behave

Can be useful and inaccurate

Harmful if used to judge how well someone is measuring up to a standard of behavior

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What are some male stereotypes?

Instrumental qualities-

Competitive

Adventurous

Physical strong

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What are some female stereotypes?

Communal qualities-

Sympathetic

Nurturing

Intuitive

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What is the learning schema theory?

Proximal- current influences

Children taught to cues the world through gender polarized lenses

Artificial or exaggerated distinctions between genders

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What is the social role theory?

Proximal

Results from children observing division of labor within a culture

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What is the evolutionary psychology theory?

Distal- past influences

Based on primitive ancestor responses to problems they faced millions of years ago

Genes females and males have are genetically predisposed to behave differently

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What is the bio social perspective theory?

Distal and proximal causes interaction to produce gender roles that reflect an individuals biology, developmental experiences, and social position

Proximal- current social and cultural influences

Distal- roles evolved over the course of human evolution, based on biological differences

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Describe the transition to adulthood and it’s effects on the individual

Young adulthood- greatest changes in social roles

A lot of variability seen as young people move to adult roles

Long transition periods give people a chance to change trajectories (getting clean and sober)

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Describe emerging adulthood

18-24 proposed by Jeffrey Arnett

A time in life when young people try out different experiences

Does not occur in all cultures

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What are 5 defining features that distinguish emerging adulthood from adolescence or adulthood?

1) age of identity explorations
2) age of instability
3) self focused age
4) age of feeling in between
5) age of possibilities

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What is the leaving and returning home process?

A lot of variability today in timing and the destination

People move in and out of their homes as they attend college it are in between apartments

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What are the gender differences in leaving and returning home?

Makes stay home longer

59% men and 50% women 18-24 live at home

19% men and 10% women 25-34 live at home

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What is the boomerang effect?

Younger the adults are that leave parents home, more likely they return

Generational solidarity- late leavers show a higher solidarity (unity) with their aging parents than siblings who moved out at a younger age

Adults who leave at a later age are more apt to receive financial support from parents

Some people enter a different culture

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What is cohabitation?

Living together without marriage

Decrease marriage rates

Later marriage

Same sex relationships

Country differences- economy, religion, partnership laws, benefits and availability to afford housing

Alternative to marriage

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What are egalitarian roles?

Men and women have more equal roles at the beginning of a marriage before children are born

Still gendered division of labor (even in early marriages)- women do more household chores

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Explain martial status and health

Comparing the health and longevity of married and unmarried people, the health of married people is more significant than unmarried people

What is the martial selection effect?

Hypothesis that people with poor mental and physical health are not as likely to marry as those who are better off

What is the martial resource effect?

Being married is financially and socially advantageous and leads to healthier lifestyles

What is the martial crisis effect?

Married people are healthier because they have not experienced trauma of divorce or becoming a widow

What is martial stability?

NOT the same as martial quality Unhappy relationships are not good for your health

Are adults delaying their age to become parents?

Yes Less teenage and young adult childbirths Females over 40 85% of adults in US become parents

What is a parental imperative?

Shift in gender roles toward the more traditional stereotypical male/ female roles

What is the parental investemnt theory?

Evolutionary psychology explains that men and women evolved different behaviors and interest because women have more invested in their children than men Ex: pregnancy, caring for child Men can have many babies at once while women can’t

What is the economic exchange theory?

Men and women function as a couple to exchange goods and services

Does happiness decrease when becoming parents and increases when children leave the nest?

Yes

What is John Gorman’s study: martial friendship?

Component that makes difficult times such as the transition to parenthood easier

What happens to social roles in middle adulthood?

Between 40-65 Parenting roles less demanding End of childbearing years Happier marriages and partnerships Relationship with aging parents change

What are the positive experiences when children departure?

Higher level of happiness New opportunities - women take on new careers - both May seek out new interests - travel

Who has a negative experience when their children depart?

Minorities

What happens when crossover gender roles crossover during midlife?

Men and women change roles Women become more assertive Men become more passive

What happens during expansion of gender roles during midlife?

Expansion of roles Men and women express new roles- take on attributes of the other gender

Describe becoming a grandparent

More grandparents in the world today Can be a grandparent for the get half your life Healthy and wealthy in the US

What is a grand family?

Grandparent raising their grandchildren

Who are the usual caregivers for aging parents?

Daughters and daughter in laws Slowly changing

What is caregiver burden?

Mental and physical effects of caregivers African Americans are less likely to experience caregiver burden than white caregivers 78% of middle aged adults have a living parent

Describe living alone

Change brought by losing a spouse or divorce Women are more likely to be widowed before men of children and their location Can they afford it?

What happens when you become a care receiver?

Loss of independence and freedom Care from family Benefits- become closer Disadvantages- stressful emotionally and financially

What percent of men 65 and older live with their spouses? What percent of men 65 and older live alone?

Souses- 70% Alone- 20%

What percentage of women 65 and older live with their spouses? What percentage of women 65 and older live alone?

Souses- 42% Alone- 37%

What are the rates and reasons for single people?

Rates- over 1/3 of households 4% of 65 and older Career focused, shy, higher income women etc

Why are people childless?

Women are either unable to or don’t want any (6% of women) Other form of support networks (siblings etc) Lack of milestones

What is the rate of divorce?

30% of young adults divorce by 10 years Most remarry

What are some new roles that come with divorce?

Single parents take on both roles Blended families Stepmothers Cultural stereotypes- only recognize one mother per child yet the stepmom takes many tasks Detrimental effects- stretching income of a single parent where there used to be 2

What is social timing?

Roles we occupy How long we occupy these roles Dependent on culture Order- when does society dictate order of roles?

What is a social clock?

Adds dimensions to roles Pattern of role transitions are similar for most Some theories point to less stress in ones life the stronger the correlation between their social role sequence and developmental norms Not always in our control

How has our understanding of aging and social roles changed over time?

We used to view aging as losing roles, but now we see them as changing roles