Midterm- Lecture 5 (Ch 3 Cont) Flashcards
What is PEO?
Person
Environment
Occupation
Person + occupation + environment =?
Occupational performance
What does the OT seek to understand about person (client)?
Who the person is
What does the person want
What does the OT seek to understand about the occupation of the client?
What activities the person wants to do
What does the OT seek to understand about environment of the client?
Where do the occupations take place
What is cardiovascular disease?
Atherosclerosis- coronary arteries slowly develop a dangerous accumulation of plaque and is caused by inflammation
Leading cause of death and disability in men and women in the US
What are non modifiable risk factors for cardiovascular disease?
Being older than 50
Family history
What are modifiable risk factors for cardiovascular disease?
Sedentary lifestyle
Diabetes
High cholesterol
High blood pressure
Obesity
Tobacco use
What is the second leading cause of death for men and women?
Cancer
What is the epigenetic inheritance?
Major cause of cancer
Environmental events that cause changes in gene expression
What are non modifiable risk factors for cancer?
Being older than 50
Family history
What are modifiable risk factors for cancer?
Tobacco use
Unhealthy diet
Chemical exposure/ radiation in work place
STD
Sedentary lifestyle
Obesity
Excessive alcohol use
Unprotected exposure to strong sunlight
What is diabetes?
Disease in which the body is unable to metabolize insulin
Increased risk in acquiring another chronic condition (heart/ kidney disease, amputations, blindness, premature death, birth defects)
What are the 2 types of diabetes and explain?
Type 1- appears in childhood or adulthood
Type 2-
- 90% of diabetes
- adult onset
- major cause of death and disability in US (older and middle aged adults)
18 million get medical care for diabetes
What are non modifiable risk factors for diabetes?
Being older than 45
Family history
What are modifiable risk factors for diabetes?
Obesity
High blood pressure
High cholesterol
Sedentary lifestyle
What are the roles of an OT with a client with diabetes?
Look at modifiable risk factors
Address the influence of physical and social environments (low income etc)
Focus on biological and physiological components of disease process
Social interactions need to be addressed
What is dementia?
Characterized by a decline of information processing abilities accompanied by changes in personality and behavior
Umbrella term for progressive disorder of cognition
What aspects of occupational function does dementia affect?
All aspects:
Problems with managing home situation
Safety
Unsafe behavior
Level of care/ support needed
How can you determine dementia from normal aging?
Dementia changes interfere with day to day activities
Normal changes of aging- slower to process info, hearing/ vision/ motor speed decreases
What are common types of dementia?
Alzheimer’s disease
Vascular dementia- stoke or TIA
Lewy body dementia- have hallucinations
Frontotemporarl (FTD)- frontal and temporal lobe shrink effecting behavior, language, personality, movement etc
What is Alzheimer’s disease?
5th leading cause of death for people 65 and older
Abnormal Brian tissue- progressive and irreversible deterioration of key areas of the brain
What is a precursor for Alzheimer’s?
Mild cognitive impairment (MCI)
What is the 1st stage of Alzheimer’s?
Mild
Forgetfulness- names, words, addresses, shopping items
Main deficit in recent memory
Intellectual deficits confirmed by neuropsychological testing
Some awareness of their symptoms- can lead to anxiety, depression, and denial
No distinguishing features on physical exam
What is the 2nd stage of Alzheimer’s?
Moderate
Significant memory loss
Personality and behavioral changes
Language becomes problematic
Self neglect, disorientation in time and space, disinhibition
Inability to undertake simple tasks
Intellectual deficits
What is disinhibition in stage 2 of Alzheimer’s?
Lack of restraint that manifested in disregard for social convention (impulsivity/ poor risk management)
What is the 3rd stage of Alzheimer’s?
Severe
Dysphasia with disoriented and fragmented speech
Aggression, hallucination and delusions
Immobility
Rigidity and recurrent falls
General physical deterioration
What are the non modifiable risk factors for Alzheimer’s?
Being over 50
Head injury
Family history
What are the modifiable risk factors for Alzheimer’s?
High cholesterol
High blood pressure
Sedentary lifestyle
Tobacco use
Obesity
What role does an OT play?
Assessment focuses most helpfully in needed and desired occupations of daily life
Enabling optimal health and well work through engagement in meaningful activity
Advocate for a persons right to autonomy
Using meaningful activity to enable optimal participation in daily life
Environmental modifications, support of occupational performance through compensatory strategies and support informal caregivers
What percent in the US have experienced a mental health disorder in their lifetime?
46%
What are anxiety disorders?
Fear, threat, dread when no obvious danger is present
Most common mental health disorder in adults
Females suffer from them more
Types:
- phobias
- PTSD
- OCD
What are phobias?
Most common form of anxiety
Are fears and avoidance routines of proportion of the danger present
What is PTSD?
An emotional reaction experienced repeatedly to a traumatic event that happened in the past
What is OCD?
Involves guilt and anxiety offer certain thoughts or impulses
What is a mood disorder?
Loss in sense of control over emotions
Resulting in feeling of distress
2nd most common mental health disorder for adults in US
Females suffer from this more
Can be caused by other chronic health conditions
What is major depression?
Long term, pervasive sense of sadness and hopelessness
Most common in adults- around 30
Lower in older adults
Usually from another chronic disease (Alzheimer’s)
What re depressive symptoms?
Symptoms are not as severe or as long lasting as with major depression
Older adults exhibit higher rates of depression than middle age adults
Indicated by chronic conditions, death of a spouse/ friend
What is the geriatric depression scale?
Opening diagnostic tool used to see if some suffers from depression
Valid and reliable
Definitive link between someone being able to function and depression
Depression can lead to diminished functional ability
Loss of function can attribute to depression
What is the center for epidemiological studies depression scale (CESD)?
Screening test for depression and depressive disorder
Has 20 items that measure symptoms of depression in 9 different groups
What are impulse control disorders?
Affects a persons judgment or ability to control strong and often harmful impulses
Many start in childhood with kids that have ADHD and is carried over to adults
OTs need to be aware of someone’s childhood
Prevalent in males
What is a substance abuse disorder?
Abuse or dependence on drugs/ alcohol
Presented at age 27
Alcohol is most common
Alcohol abuse- 79,000 deaths in US each year and $224 billion in lost productivity
What is the process of OT intervention?
Info gathering
Battery of assessments (tests)
Functional assessment
Support and education
What percentage of people seek treatment?
40%
1/3 get treatment they need
1/3 people go to alternative medicine
What is assistive tech?
Products that improve the QOL and independence for adults with age related disabilities
What are assistance animals?
Animals that help people with disabilities be more independent
Used for comfort and to calm
How does a persons lifestyle effect individual health?
Obesity and sedentary lifestyle can put you at risk for diseases and mental health disorders
How does a persons gender effect individual health?
Different patterns for men and women
Women- love longer but acquire same health problems as men at a later problem
Partly biological and environmental
What race and ethnicity has the worst health to best health?
Best-
Asian Americans and Pacific Islanders
Worst- American Indians and Alaskan native
What race ethnicity has the best life expectancy and worst life expectancy?
Best- non Hispanic whites (have anxiety, mood and substance abuse disorders)
Worse- American Indians and Alaskan native
Non Hispanic blacks have worse life expectancy than whites
What ethnicity has the highest rates of death from heart disease, cancer, stroke, diabetes, HIV, homicides in the US?
Non Hispanic blacks
What are type A personality individuals at risk for?
Coronary artery disease
What are hostile people more at risk for?
Increased HR and BP
Cardiovascular disease
Premature deaths
What are optimists less likely to suffer from?
Serious physical illness or premature deaths
What are the aspects that can equal healthy aging?
Exercise
Social activity
Diet
Genes
Productive pursuits
