Midterm- Lecture 1 (Ch 1) Flashcards
What is the definition of stability?
The things in our lives that are consistent
Consistent attributes about ourselves
Very important when dealing with clients and patients
OT learns what is consistent and stable in a patients life
What is change?
Opposite of stability
What makes us different now then when we were younger
Sometime changes are slow and sometimes abrupt
OT often deal with clients with abrupt changes
What is a normative age graded difference?
Influences that are linked to age and experienced by most adults of every generation as they get older
What are the normative age graded influence factors?
Biology
Socially shared experience
Internal age processes
What is biology?
Our bodies change biologically as it undergoes natural aging processes (biological clock)
Gender lines can become blurred
What are socially shared experiences?
Social clock defines the normal sequence of adult life experiences such as timing of marriage, college graduation and retirement
What is ageism?
Can be an effect of the social clock
Discrimination of a particular age group
What are internal change processes?
Shared inner changes resulting from the way we respond to the pressures of the biological and social clocks
Changes are not caused entirely by one another
What is a normative history graded influence? And the factors?
Events connected to historical events and conditions that are experiences by everyone within a culture at that time
Factors-
Cultures
Cohorts
What is a culture?
Large social environments in which development takes place
Ex: expected age of marriage or child bearing
What is a cohort?
A group of people who share a common historical experience at the same stage in life
Ex: being 5 years old at the time of 9/11
What is a non normative life event?
Unique aspects of the individuals life not shared with many others
Ex: spouse dying early, winning the lotto
Could be anything in someone’s life
People who experience this will draw toward the normative
As an OT you need to know this aspect and note it in occupational profile
What is behavior genetics as a source of stability (under genetics)?
The contributions genes make to individual behavior
Cognition, IQ, physical characteristics, personality, pathological behavior
The extent to which these traits and tendencies remain in place throughout our lives shows the influence of heredity
What are the twin studies as a source of stability (under genetics)?
Studies comparing behavior in monozygotic (identical) vs dizygotic (fraternal twins)
Identical twins share more similarities for traits or abilities which means they are influenced by genetics not environment
What is the environment as a source of stability?
Lifelong effects of early family experience
Children who receive warmth and trust growing up have well more adjusted lives, express emotion, form meaningful relationships and good coping skills
Can cause permanent lifelong characteristics that were not part of gene conception
What is an interactionist view (under environment)?
Genetic traits determine how one interacts with the environment and the environment one chooses
What is an epigenetic inheritance (under environment)?
The genes one received at conception are modified by environmental events that occur during the prenatal period and throughout the life span
What is DNA methylation?
Chemical modification of DNA through the addition of the methyl group resulting in reduced gene expression
How is the term biological explained under adult development?
The measure of an adults physical condition
Used to evaluate aging of the physical systems
Can be affects by lifestyle change
Can be compared to someone’s else’s condition at the same age
How is the term psychological explained under adult development?
Measures an adults ability to deal effectively with the environment
How is the term social explained under adult development?
Expected roles a person takes on at a specific point in their lives
The expected role in someone’s age group
How is the term functional explained under adult development?
A measure of how well an adult is functioning in various aspects of adulthood
Can be a result of biological + psychological + social
How well a person is functioning as an adult compared to others
How is the term chronological
explained under adult development?
Number of years that have passed since birth
In adults it determines when you drive, purchase alcohol, vote
What is the lifespan developmental approach?
Development in life is long, complex, has multiple causes, and there is a lot of internal/ Exeter al dimensions to it
Adult dev doesn’t stop until they take their last breath
Need to meet their goals ever step of the way
One age is not more important than the other
What is the bioecological approach models of development?
We must consider the developing period with the context of multiple environments
Must take place within biological, psychological, and especially social contexts that change over time
Influences are in constant interaction
What are Bronfenbrenner’s model of ecological systems 5 systems?
1) microsystem
2) mesosytem
3) exosystem
4) macrosystem
5) chronosystem
What is the microsystem?
All of the persons biological and psychological system
We are who we are from a biological and psychological standpoint
What is the mesosytem?
The interactions with people like our family, friends and people at work
Micro and meso begin to interact with one another
What is the exosystem?
Outside environment that we interact with like our neighborhood, community, social media
What is the macrosystem?
Political system, social conditions in our country, lifestyle, culture etc
What is the chronosystem?
Chronological age and historical age
Where we are in our life
Reflects that the meso, exo ans macrosystem are dynamic and changing
What is a cross sectional study?
Based on data gathered at one time from groups of participants who represent different age groups
Tested only once
Results give info about differences within the group
What is a longitudinal study?
Same group of people over time that can be tested at regular intervals
What is attrition?
Participant dropout
Longitudinal study
What is a sequential study?
Series of longitudinal studies done at different points in time
What are personal interviews?
Experimented meets with the participant and gathers data directly
Can be structured or open ended
What is a survey questionnaire?
Written format that participants can fill out on their own consisting of structured and focused questions
What is a standardized test?
Established instrument that measure a specific trait or behavior
What is a comparison of the means?
Takes average of groups and see which one is more significance
Statistical analysis that allows researchers to determine whether the difference in measurements taken on 2 groups is large enough to be considered significantly significant
What is a correlational analysis?
Statistical analysis method used to evaluate the strength of relationship between two quantitative variables
Statistical analysis that tells us the extent to which 2 set of scores on the same individual vary together
Can range from +1 to -1
What is a meta analysis?
Analysis of data from a large number of studies that deal with the same research question with more powerful results
What is an experimental design?
Empirical study that has a high level experimental control
Has a control group
Participants are randomly selected and assigned to either treatment or control conditions
High degree of control over outside factors that might affect the outcome
What is a descriptive research?
Tells the current state of the participants in some measure of interest
High level of experimental control
Includes cross sectional, longitudinal, and sequential studies
Ex: # of people of different ages that die of suicide each year
What is qualitative research?
Research without numerical data
Case studies, interviews, observations etc
What is quantitative research?
Research with numerical data
