Midterm- Lecture 3 (Ch 2 Cont)

Question 1

What age can hearing loss begin?

What is the percentage of older adults between 65-74 have hearing loss?

What is the percentage of people of age 74-79 have hearing loss?

Answer 1

Begin- 30

65-74- 30%

74-79- 50%

From presbycusis

Question 2

What is conductive hearing loss?

Answer 2

Not primary cause of hearing loss in adults

Correctible- ear wax or infection in middle of ear

Question 3

What is sensorineural hearing loss?

Answer 3

Can be primary cause of aging

Damage to hairs in the cochlea

Can’t tell the difference between voices

Question 4

What is tinnitus?

Answer 4

The perception of sound in the ear when it’s not there

Ex: ringing in ears

Question 5

What is presbycusis?

Answer 5

True age related hearing loss

Can be progressive and usually happens in both ears (bilateral)

Relates to high frequency loss

Question 6

What does loss of hearing affect?

Answer 6

Balance and stabilizing

Question 7

What is some of the behavior in older adults with hearing loss?

Answer 7

Asks to speak louder or repeat what was said

Non responsive to questions or convo

Inappropriate or out of context responses

Questions directed to spouse, family or caregiver

Leaning forward or tilting head to one side

Distress or irritated

Disoriented or confused during convo

Withdrawing from social interactions

Question 8

When and why does the sense of taste and smell loss?

Answer 8

65-70

Less saliva, fewer taste buds and decreased number of odor receptors

Safety- adults eating spoiled food, fire in the house etc

Question 9

What happens to your bones as you age?

Answer 9

Calcium loss- major change in primary aging

Bone mass peaks around 30 and the starts to decline for men and women (steeper)

Acceleration between 50 and 65

Question 10

What is osteoporosis?

Answer 10

Severe loss of bone mass based on bone density measure

Fall 2.5 standard deviations below norm they diagnose you with it

Affects 16% of women and 4% of men after 50

Increased risk of injury after fall

Based on bone density measure (BDM)

Bone screenings are done

Question 11

What is osteopenia?

Answer 11

Precursor to osteoporosis

When you start to lose bone mass before full blown osteoporosis

Question 12

What is osteoarthritis?

Answer 12

Wearing away of cartilage between two joints- bone on bone

Most common form of bone joint disease

Leading cause of disability 65 and older

90% of adults over age of 40 will show changes with OA in weight bearing joints

30% of adults report symptomatic pain

High societal costs

Lead to depression, anxiety, immobility etc

Question 13

What are some risk factors of OA?

Answer 13

Increased age

Women over 50

Family history

History of joint injury/ repeated joint stress

Overweight/ obese

Question 14

Why does the cardiovascular and respiratory system change as you get older?

Answer 14

Not as flexible and cannot handle certain capacities

Older the heart the slower to respond to changes in cardiovascular pressure than the younger heart

Arterial walls are not as pliable as we get older

Arteries cannot expand

Question 15

What is a prevention method for cardiovascular and respiratory system problems?

Answer 15

Low dose cardio like taking a walk

Question 16

What is neuron loss?

Answer 16

Declines with age but doesn’t always coincide with functional loss

Total # of neurons decline with age

Question 17

What is neurogenesis?

Answer 17

Neurons can regrow and can can occur through adulthood

New connection/ reconnection

Not everywhere

Depends on reason for decline

Question 18

What are B cells?

Answer 18

Produce bone marrow and make antibodies

Show abnormalities as people age shows as autoimmune dysfunction from the changes in B cells

Question 19

What are T cells?

Answer 19

Will reject and consume foreign cells

Can be less effective in older adults

Question 20

What is the hormonal system?

Answer 20

How hormone system works

Changes start occurring at 30

Growth hormone and muscle mass decreases

Aldosterone (regulates body itself with water intake/ heat and real ease of heat) production decreases

Susceptibility to dehydration and heat stroke

Can help combat menopause symptoms

Question 21

What is the neuroendocrine climacteric period?

Answer 21

Transitional period between reproductive life and non reproductive life

Question 22

What is the neuroendocrine climacteric period for men?

Answer 22

Sperm decline around 40

Testes shrink around 60

Decrease volume of seminal fluid at 60

Declining testosterone during beginning of adulthood

Decrease hormones = decrease muscle mass, bone density, sex drive and cognitive functions

Increased body fat and depressive symptoms

Question 23

What is the neuroendocrine climacteric period for women?

Answer 23

Perimenopause- irregular periods around middle adulthood

Menopause- around 52

Post menopause- year after last period

Ovarian failure leads to decrease in changes in estrogen and progesterone levels (important for reproductive health)

Question 24

Why are physical changes important to know as an OT?

Answer 24

Sexual activity is an ADL

Question 25

What is the peak ages of athletic abilities and why?

Answer 25

Teens to early 20s

Ability to use oxygen

Decline starts end of 20s

Question 26

What is happens with your stamina over time?

Answer 26

Cardiovascular abilities start to decline

Can’t feel it but it’s happening

Question 27

What affects dexterity?

Answer 27

Arthritis

Question 28

What happens to your balance as you get older?

Answer 28

Loss of muscle mass loss of balance

Flexibility and strength can be affected by OA

Question 29

What happens with your sleep as you get older?

Answer 29

Insomnia- prevalent in older adult women

Many older adults have sleep apnea

Medications disrupt sleep

Older adults need 7 hours of sleep

Middle adults need 7.5

Young adults need 8.5

Question 30

What happens to sexual activity as you get older?

Answer 30

Decline during primary aging due to loss of stamina, dexterity, hormonal imbalance, physical ability

Sexual response diminishes as you get older

Older people are still having sex and need more education

Question 31

What are some of the genetic individual differences in primary aging?

Answer 31

Weight- hereditary

Genes

Long livelihood

Diet

Sedentary lifestyle

Question 32

What is an example of the lifestyle individual differences in primary aging?

Answer 32

Low income status- no access to proper nutrition/ proper healthcare

African Americans and Hispanics are at risk

Question 33

How does race, ethnicity and socioeconomic group affect individual differences in primary aging?

Answer 33

Lower income areas

Food desserts

Lack of medical care

Access to medicine and nutrition

Question 34

What is food insecurity?

Answer 34

Now knowing when your next meal is

Affects 17 million in US

Question 35

What is a food desert?

Answer 35

Lack of proper nutrition

All fast food

If proper food it is more expensive

23.5 million low income areas a mile from a supermarket

Heart disease, obesity, diabetes