Midterm- Lecture 2 (Ch 2)

Question 1

What is primary aging?

Answer 1

Physical changes that are gradual, shared and largely inevitable as people grow older

Question 2

What is secondary aging?

Answer 2

Physical changes that are sudden, not shared and often caused by disease, poor health habits, and environmental events as people grow older

Question 3

What are free radicals?

Answer 3

Molecules or atoms that possess an unpaired electron

By products of cell metabolism

Garbage of normal metabolism builds up and causes aging

Question 4

What are antioxidants?

Answer 4

Vitamins and vitamin like substances used to fight and protect against oxidative damage from free radicals

No good science to it

Question 5

What is replicating senescence?

Answer 5

The state in which older cells stop diving

Age because of the limited amount of good cells

Question 6

What is the Hayflick limit?

Answer 6

There are only a number of cell divisions that can happen before reaching replicative senescence

How much cell division we have is as long as we’re gonna live

Question 7

What is the telomere length?

Answer 7

Lengths of repeating DNA that chromosomes have on their tips

Telomere gets shorter every time elk replicates

Shorter it gets the less good replication you have and can trigger a disease

Disease processes more in adults than young people

Question 8

What is caloric restriction?

Answer 8

Diet in which calories are severely reduced but contain essential nutrients

Not a promising theory

Stable primary intake and increase health and longevity

Question 9

What is reservatrol?

Answer 9

A substance doing in red wine that extended the life span of yeast, worms, flies and mice

Did not work on humans

Use to offset caloric restriction

Question 10

What is rapamycin?

Answer 10

Inhibits cell growth

More promising

Side effects

Increase risk of diabetes

Weakens ability to stabilize sugar in your body

Drug found in easter island

Use to offset caloric restriction

Question 11

What is weight and body composition?

Answer 11

Changes in total body weight and where weight is distributed

Fat accumulates in abdomen and leaves face in middle age

Question 12

What is obesity and BMI?

Answer 12

Condition in which ones weight to height ratio increases to a point that has an adverse effect on health

Measured by body mass index

Less than 19- underweight
19 to 24- normal
25 to 29- overweight
30 and higher- obese

Later stage older adults lose weight because of decreased muscle mass and bone density (72-74)

More than 1/3 obese

Question 13

Do the senses decline with age?

Answer 13

Yes

Question 14

What are the risk factors affecting the senses?

Answer 14

Genetics, ethnicity, personal lifestyle behaviors, other diseases

Question 15

What is osteoporosis?

Answer 15

Bone density loss due to calcium loss or OA

Question 16

How is loss of vision defined?

Answer 16

A serious visual loss that is incorrect able by medical or surgical intervention or with eyeglasses

Question 17

What is the percentage of older people affected by vision loss?

What is the percentage of people of age 85 have age related vision problems?

Answer 17

18% of older pop

30% of people age of 85

Question 18

What is support structure changes?

Answer 18

Loss of subcutaneous fat and decreased tone and elasticity

Facial structure changes and eyes start to look sunken

Loss of elasticity in the face

Skin redundancy- eyelids dripping over

Question 19

What does decreased tear production lead to?

Answer 19

Dry eyes

Question 20

What is decreased convergence?

Answer 20

Poor eye coordination and difficulty focusing both eyes at the same time on something that is close to you

Need glasses

Question 21

What happens to your cornea as you age?

Answer 21

Flattens, becomes thicker, more rigid after 60-65

Blurred vision

Question 22

What happens to your sclera, pupil and iris as you age?

Answer 22

Degenerative changes resulting in gradual loss of visual activity (seeing things sharply)

Difficulty seeing in low light conditions

Question 23

What happens to your lens as you age?

Answer 23

Increased density and rigidity

Affects near and far vision

Loss of color sensitivity which affects visual acuity

Decreased accommodation- (ability for lens to change shape)- can’t refocus from things far and near

Question 24

What are age related nervous system changes?

Answer 24

Slower processing of visual stimuli and therefore need to see stimuli longer for accurate identification

Question 25

What is presbyopia?

Answer 25

Near vision loss

Reduced visual acuity or loss of near vision

Age related (40-50)

Lens of eye becomes less flexible

Adjust focus between things that are far and close to you is difficult

Question 26

What is cataracts?

Answer 26

Protein degeneration and aggregation on the lens resulting in opacity (lens becomes cloudy and milky)

Decreased visual acuity, blurred vision, altered color perception, sensitivity to flare and image distortion

Correctable by surgical procedure

Most common

Adults over 80

Lens is yellow everything is cued

Question 27

What is age- related macular degeneration?

Answer 27

A loss of central vision

Affects people after the age of 50

30% of pop b/n 75-81

Primary cause of visual impairment

More common among Caucasian, smoking, genetics

Question 28

What is glaucoma?

Answer 28

Loss of peripheral vision

A group of diseases characterized by progressive optic nerve damage

Can be treated medically or surgically depending on stage

Get tunnel vision

Question 29

What is diabetic retinopathy?

Answer 29

Resulting from damage to the blood vessel if the retina

If blood vessels rupture can lead to blindness and can happen from retinal edema

Rupturing blood vessels in retina can cause scotomas

Question 30

What are scotomas?

Answer 30

Visual field deficits

Can leave black pathed in the visual field

Can move around- floaters in the eye