Midterm- Lecture 2 (Ch 2) Flashcards
What is primary aging?
Physical changes that are gradual, shared and largely inevitable as people grow older
What is secondary aging?
Physical changes that are sudden, not shared and often caused by disease, poor health habits, and environmental events as people grow older
What are free radicals?
Molecules or atoms that possess an unpaired electron
By products of cell metabolism
Garbage of normal metabolism builds up and causes aging
What are antioxidants?
Vitamins and vitamin like substances used to fight and protect against oxidative damage from free radicals
No good science to it
What is replicating senescence?
The state in which older cells stop diving
Age because of the limited amount of good cells
What is the Hayflick limit?
There are only a number of cell divisions that can happen before reaching replicative senescence
How much cell division we have is as long as we’re gonna live
What is the telomere length?
Lengths of repeating DNA that chromosomes have on their tips
Telomere gets shorter every time elk replicates
Shorter it gets the less good replication you have and can trigger a disease
Disease processes more in adults than young people
What is caloric restriction?
Diet in which calories are severely reduced but contain essential nutrients
Not a promising theory
Stable primary intake and increase health and longevity
What is reservatrol?
A substance doing in red wine that extended the life span of yeast, worms, flies and mice
Did not work on humans
Use to offset caloric restriction
What is rapamycin?
Inhibits cell growth
More promising
Side effects
Increase risk of diabetes
Weakens ability to stabilize sugar in your body
Drug found in easter island
Use to offset caloric restriction
What is weight and body composition?
Changes in total body weight and where weight is distributed
Fat accumulates in abdomen and leaves face in middle age
What is obesity and BMI?
Condition in which ones weight to height ratio increases to a point that has an adverse effect on health
Measured by body mass index
Less than 19- underweight
19 to 24- normal
25 to 29- overweight
30 and higher- obese
Later stage older adults lose weight because of decreased muscle mass and bone density (72-74)
More than 1/3 obese
Do the senses decline with age?
Yes
What are the risk factors affecting the senses?
Genetics, ethnicity, personal lifestyle behaviors, other diseases
What is osteoporosis?
Bone density loss due to calcium loss or OA
How is loss of vision defined?
A serious visual loss that is incorrect able by medical or surgical intervention or with eyeglasses
What is the percentage of older people affected by vision loss?
What is the percentage of people of age 85 have age related vision problems?
18% of older pop
30% of people age of 85
What is support structure changes?
Loss of subcutaneous fat and decreased tone and elasticity
Facial structure changes and eyes start to look sunken
Loss of elasticity in the face
Skin redundancy- eyelids dripping over
What does decreased tear production lead to?
Dry eyes
What is decreased convergence?
Poor eye coordination and difficulty focusing both eyes at the same time on something that is close to you
Need glasses
What happens to your cornea as you age?
Flattens, becomes thicker, more rigid after 60-65
Blurred vision
What happens to your sclera, pupil and iris as you age?
Degenerative changes resulting in gradual loss of visual activity (seeing things sharply)
Difficulty seeing in low light conditions
What happens to your lens as you age?
Increased density and rigidity
Affects near and far vision
Loss of color sensitivity which affects visual acuity
Decreased accommodation- (ability for lens to change shape)- can’t refocus from things far and near
What are age related nervous system changes?
Slower processing of visual stimuli and therefore need to see stimuli longer for accurate identification
What is presbyopia?
Near vision loss
Reduced visual acuity or loss of near vision
Age related (40-50)
Lens of eye becomes less flexible
Adjust focus between things that are far and close to you is difficult
What is cataracts?
Protein degeneration and aggregation on the lens resulting in opacity (lens becomes cloudy and milky)
Decreased visual acuity, blurred vision, altered color perception, sensitivity to flare and image distortion
Correctable by surgical procedure
Most common
Adults over 80
Lens is yellow everything is cued
What is age- related macular degeneration?
A loss of central vision
Affects people after the age of 50
30% of pop b/n 75-81
Primary cause of visual impairment
More common among Caucasian, smoking, genetics
What is glaucoma?
Loss of peripheral vision
A group of diseases characterized by progressive optic nerve damage
Can be treated medically or surgically depending on stage
Get tunnel vision
What is diabetic retinopathy?
Resulting from damage to the blood vessel if the retina
If blood vessels rupture can lead to blindness and can happen from retinal edema
Rupturing blood vessels in retina can cause scotomas
What are scotomas?
Visual field deficits
Can leave black pathed in the visual field
Can move around- floaters in the eye
