Midterm II past Qs Flashcards
name the components of leichitin
glycerol + 2 FA + Phosphate + choline
name the components of cephalin
diacyl-glycerol + phosphate + cholamine
what type of curve describes the connection btw substrate conc and enzyme activity, if the enzyme is not allosterically regulated
hyperbolic saturation curve
“cis” unsaturated FA, true or false: incr. proportion cause increased membrane ridgidity
False
disconnection of the negative allosteric effector from the allosteric effector binding site influense enzyme activity how
increases the enzyme activity
what type of protein structure does lactate dehydrogenase have
quarternary structure
which property of the enzyme is determined by catalytic center
reaction specificity
the structure of the substrate and inhibitor is typically similar in
allosteric enzyme inhibition
amylase, DNA ligase and phosphoglucomutase: which enzyme class
oxidoreductases
the oxidation of what covers most of the liver’s energy need
FA oxidation
which of the following cells are able to produce hyaluronidase
sperm cells
if during the operation of Na/K pump 2 ATP molecules are hydrolized, how many K⁺ ions can be pumoed in the cell by using this released energy
4
which intermediary product is made during the activation of aa’s
aminoacyl-AMP
what cofactor is necessary for the operation of cytochrome P450 ezymes
NADP⁺
what FA class does linolenic acid belong to
omega 3
what type of carbohydrate is fructose
ketose
in which part of the cell is the respiratory chain found
mitochondrium
which are cofactors: NAD, NADP, PALP
all of them
how much will the IC weight of a 12kg dog
8kg
which uses facilitated diffusion:
glucose, urea, oleic acid
glucose
what do you need to finish a protein
GTP
where is chondroitin sulphate found
tendon and bone
which enzymes catalyse irreversible reactions
ser-proteases by DIPF
what group does leichitin belong to
phospholipids
name 3 heteropolysaccharides
glucosamineglycans
hyaluronic acid
chondroitin suphate
which vitamin has a role in sulphate binding
vit. A
where is heparin found
in the granules of mast cells(liver and lung)
transport of FA into mitochondrium
carnithine shuttle
what happens in white adipose tissue
PPP, FA synthesis, lipogenesis
what are anomers
special types of epimers that occur after cyclization and reflect a change in configuration a the hemiacetal or hemiketal carbon aka. C1
how is maltose made
alpha-D-glu + alpha-D-glu (alpha 1,4)
how is cellobiose made
beta-D-glu + beta-D-glu (beta 1,4)
how is lactose made
beta-D-gal + beta-D-glu (beta 1.4)
how is sucrose made
alpha-D-Glu + beta-D-fru (alpha-1, beta-2)
starch, glycogen and cellulose type of carb
homopolysaccharide
glycoprotein function
part of cell membrane: IC recognition
which aa is the result of transamination of pyruvate
alanine
which aa prod GABA
glutamate (glutamine)
where can we not find ketolysis
liver
acetate, propionate, butyrate FA class
volatile FA
starting prod of oxaloacetic acid synthesis
pyruvate
what can be prod from HMG-CoA
cholesterol Kbs
which enzyme is responsible for the transformation of pyruvate to OAC
pyruvate carboxylase
which enzyme is responsible for the transformation of histidine to histamine
histidine decarboxylase
which are the specific inhibitors of the resp chain
CO and CN: inhibits cytochrome oxidase
starting molecule of glycogenesis can be…
glycerol, lactate, propionate(Ru)
how many ATPs can be prod from one AcCoA
2 ATPs
how many ATPs can be prod from one FAD/NAD/NADPH
NAD: 3 ATP
FAD: 2 ATP
NADPH: 2 ATP
energy prod from palmitic acid
palmitic: 129 ATP
which factor can lead to ketoses
incr. coric KB
decr. AcCoA
how do we incr the membrane fluidity
incr. temp, decr cholesterol, incr. prop of cis-unsat FA in phospholipids
competitive inhibition of succinate dehydrogenase
malonate
cysteine can form which bonds
disulphide bonds
is enzyme cytochrome 45o inducible
yes
sphingolipids belong to which membrane froming molecule group
phospholipids
SQLT-1 is found
small intestines
SQLT-2 is found
kidney
which aa is never found in proteins
D-aa
type of bond: ceramide + phosphate + choline
ester bond
urea is regulated by
cytoplasmic carbamoylphosphate
which requires NADPH+H⁺
synthesis of oleic acid, synthesis of palmitic acid, beta-ox of FA
beta-ox of FA
pyruvate dehydrogenase is found in TCA cycle?
no
alanine transaminase(ALT) transfers an amino gr from alanine to
alpha-ketoglutarate
which happen in mitochondrion:
6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase, pyruvate kinase, succinate dehydrogenase, glucokinase
all of them
oxaloacetate can be prod from
malate, pyruvate, aspartate
ATP syntase in valves are structured where on the inner mitochondial membrane
outside
6-P-gluconate dehydrogenase uses what as cofactor
NADP+
the liver produces what from FA
ketone bodies (acetoacetate, B-hydroxybyturate)
how much energy is prod in anaerob glycolysis of 1mol glucose
2 mol ATP
pyruvate dehydrogenase cofactor
TPP
which contain the most C atoms
tyrosine, tyramine, palmitic acid, histidine
palmitic acid
start molecule of GNG
pyruvate, lactate
common intermediate in the conversion of gly to glucose
pyruvate
how much energy is prod in the beta-ox of 1 mol pamitoyl-CoA
131ATP
ATP citrase lyase happes where
cytoplasm
which cycle prod NADPH+H⁺
PPP
where is fat synthesized
mammary gland, adipiose tiddue, liver in some species
which aa can make pyruvate
alanine, serine, glycine and cysteine
what is the amine group needed for the transamination of a new aa
glutamic acid
transaminases are found in
cytoplasm or mitochondrium
name the uncoupling factors
dinitrophenol, thermogenin
1st messenger in fat metabolism
adrenalin, noradrenalin, glucagon, ACTH
FADH2 energybalance in 1 mol anaerobic oxidation/phosphorylation
2 ATP
who needs TPP in citric acid cycle
alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase
product of trnasamination of Asp
OAC
what enzymes can you find in the liver
HMG-Coa lyase
where in citric acid cycle is TPP used
alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase
alpha-ketoglutarate->succinylCoA
what transports Fe²⁺ to basolateral side of enterocytes
Ferroportin
no mitochondrium
in erythrocytes: need GNG for glucose prod, cant use ATP
GABA means, made how
Gamma-amino butyrate
- decarboxylation of glutamate using B6 Vit.
which cofactors do you find in the TCA cycle
GTP, NADH2, FADH2
which molecule is the transporter of Fe²⁺ ions on the apical side of the enterocytes
DMT1
what are the regulatory enzymes of the TCA cycle
citrate synthase, isocitrate dehydrogenase and succinate dehydrogenase
what can be produced by the transamination of glutamate
alpha-ketoglutarate
which gr of molecules does cephalins and leichintins belong to
glycerol phosphatides
5-OH-tryptohan is the precursor of
serotonine
acetyl transacylase play a role in the synthesis of which molecule
palmitic acid
how is direct bilirubin made
bilirubin is conjugated with glucuronic acid, making it water soluble
(removed in intestine makeing urobilinogen or stercobilinogen)
what enzyme of GNG uses NADH+H⁺ as cofactor
lactate dehydrogenase
TPP cofactor is used in
cytosol for the activity of transketolase and in the mitochondria for the activity of pyruvate-, oxoglutarate- and branched chain keto acid dehydrogenases
alpha-ketoglutarate and pyruvate dehydrogenase uses what as co-factors
TPP
produced by the transamination of asp
OAC
regulatory enzyme of urea cycle
carbamoyl phosphate synthetase I
decarboxylation of asp gives
beta alanine
anaerobe glycolysis of 1 mol glucose
2 ATP
1st reductase play a role in the synthesis of which molecule
palmitic acid
biotin is used
as cofactor in carboxylation reactions (carboxylases)
PALP is used
as cofactor in transamination, deamination nd decarboxylation reactions
what is the role of HMG-lyase in cytoplasm vs. mitochondrium
cytoplasm: synthesis of cholesterole
mitochondrium: ketogenesis
