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Biochemistry > carb oral topics > Flashcards

carb oral topics Flashcards

1
Q

lactate in meat production

A

endproduct of anaerobe glycolysis

  • short starvation: lots of glycogen and lactate in muscle
  • stress: few glycogen and lactate in muscle (incr. pH, dark meat)
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2
Q

cori cycle

A

cycle of secretion and uptake of glucose in mammals

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3
Q

complex 1 of resp chain

A

NADH dehydrogenase
generate 4 protons to intermembrane space
transport 2 to complex Q

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4
Q

complex 2 of resp chain

A 
succinate dehydrogenase (TCA)
no protons are pumped out
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5
Q

complex 3 of resp chain

A

cytochrome c oxidoreductase

  • subunits: cytochrome C1, bL, bH, Fe-s, Co-Q
  • has co-enzyme Q binding spot, binds for 2H⁺ transfer via Fe-s
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6
Q

complex 4 of resp chain

A

cytochrome c oxidase

  • subunits: cytochrome a, a3, and +2Cu
  • generate water molecule
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7
Q

complex 5 of resp chain

A

aka ATP synthetase, uses proton motive force of translocated protons to form ATP in the matrix

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8
Q

H⁺ affect the complexes how

A

reduces them

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9
Q

adrenalin: effect, production and affected pathways

A

hyperglycemia
andrenal medulla
muscle: incr. glycogen degredation from several starting prods (incr. GGL, decr. GG)

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10
Q

glucagon: effect, production and affected pathways

A

hyperglycemia
Pancreas A cells
liver: incr. glucose prod and decr. its degradation (incr. GGL, GNG, decr. GL, GG)

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11
Q

insulin: effect, production and affected pathways

A

hypoglycemia
Pancreas B cells
incr. glucose uptake, decr. fat+protein degradation (incr.GG, GL, decr. GGL, GNG)

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12
Q

glucocorticoids: effect, production and affected pathways

A

hyperglycemia
adrenal cortex
increased glucose production (no glucagon degr.) (incr. GNG, decr. GL)

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13
Q

ACTH: effect, production and affected pathways

A

hyperglycemia
adenohypophysis
incr. glucocorticoids

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14
Q

STH: effect, production and affected pathways

somatotropin aka GH

A

hyperglycemia
adenohypophysis
lipolysis for glucose prod, decr. GNG from aa

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15
Q

blood sugar levels, regulation

A

= transport form of carbs,
using glucagon (working in liver) to incr. BS
using insulin (working in fat tissue) to decr. BS
–> restore normal BS levels

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16
Q

BS levels of birds, ru and non-ru

A

birds: 8-9mmol/L
non-ru: 4-5mmol/L
ru: 2-3mmol/L

17
Q

diabetes

A

type 1: low insulin production, born with it

type 2: receptors are “worn out”, caused by diet (insulin independant)

18
Q

GLUT transporters

A

GLUT-1: RBC, brain
GLUT-2: Liver, kidney, intestines
GLUT-3: brain
GLUT-4: muscle and adipose tissue (insulin dependant)

19
Q

lactolysis

A

small intestines, lactase

endprod: galactose and glucose

20
Q

galactose degr. endprod used in

A

UDP-glucose:

  • lactogenesis
  • chondroitin synthas
  • glycogenesis
21
Q

composition of milk

A

13% dry matter

  1. 8% milk sugar/lactose
  2. 5% milk fat
  3. 3% milk protein
22
Q

where is milk fat from

A

(feed, microbial FA, de novo synth in adipose tissue and mammadry gland)

23
Q

milk protein

A 
mammary gland origin
 -  2.6% - casein
 -  0.1% - alpha-lactalbumin
 -  0.3% - beta-lactalbumin
 systemic synth in liver -> blood plasma
 -  0.1% - milk serum albumin and immunoglobulins (colostrum!!)
24
Q

colostrum

A

First form of milk immediately following delivery
Most species will generate colostrum just prior to giving birth. Colostrum contains antibodies to protect the newborn against disease.

25
Q

how does the diet of a cow impact the lactose and fat % of the milk

A

Starch/grain rich:
- GNG: increases milk sugar and decreases milk fat
Fiber/cellulose rich diet:
- more acetate, milk fat% increases

26
Q

fiber/cellulose rich diet “pathway”

A

intensive salvia prod(buffer pH 8.2-8.4) -> increased pH to ish6.8. increased pH stim the microbes to make acetate, which produces FA -> milk Fat decr. and incr. milk sugar (lactose)

27
Q

grain/stach rich diet “pathway”

A

less intensive salvia prod(buffer pH 8.2-8.4) -> decr pH to ish5.8
decr pH stim the microbes to make propionate, which is used in GNG for glucose prod -> milk fat increases

28
Q

casein

A

phophoprotein -> casein micelle
- carry large amounts of highly insoluble CaP to mammalian young in liquid form and to form a clot in the stomach for more efficient nutrition.

Biochemistry (30 decks)

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