carb oral topics Flashcards
lactate in meat production
endproduct of anaerobe glycolysis
- short starvation: lots of glycogen and lactate in muscle
- stress: few glycogen and lactate in muscle (incr. pH, dark meat)
cori cycle
cycle of secretion and uptake of glucose in mammals
complex 1 of resp chain
NADH dehydrogenase
generate 4 protons to intermembrane space
transport 2 to complex Q
complex 2 of resp chain
succinate dehydrogenase (TCA) no protons are pumped out
complex 3 of resp chain
cytochrome c oxidoreductase
- subunits: cytochrome C1, bL, bH, Fe-s, Co-Q
- has co-enzyme Q binding spot, binds for 2H⁺ transfer via Fe-s
complex 4 of resp chain
cytochrome c oxidase
- subunits: cytochrome a, a3, and +2Cu
- generate water molecule
complex 5 of resp chain
aka ATP synthetase, uses proton motive force of translocated protons to form ATP in the matrix
H⁺ affect the complexes how
reduces them
adrenalin: effect, production and affected pathways
hyperglycemia
andrenal medulla
muscle: incr. glycogen degredation from several starting prods (incr. GGL, decr. GG)
glucagon: effect, production and affected pathways
hyperglycemia
Pancreas A cells
liver: incr. glucose prod and decr. its degradation (incr. GGL, GNG, decr. GL, GG)
insulin: effect, production and affected pathways
hypoglycemia
Pancreas B cells
incr. glucose uptake, decr. fat+protein degradation (incr.GG, GL, decr. GGL, GNG)
glucocorticoids: effect, production and affected pathways
hyperglycemia
adrenal cortex
increased glucose production (no glucagon degr.) (incr. GNG, decr. GL)
ACTH: effect, production and affected pathways
hyperglycemia
adenohypophysis
incr. glucocorticoids
STH: effect, production and affected pathways
somatotropin aka GH
hyperglycemia
adenohypophysis
lipolysis for glucose prod, decr. GNG from aa
blood sugar levels, regulation
= transport form of carbs,
using glucagon (working in liver) to incr. BS
using insulin (working in fat tissue) to decr. BS
–> restore normal BS levels
BS levels of birds, ru and non-ru
birds: 8-9mmol/L
non-ru: 4-5mmol/L
ru: 2-3mmol/L
diabetes
type 1: low insulin production, born with it
type 2: receptors are “worn out”, caused by diet (insulin independant)
GLUT transporters
GLUT-1: RBC, brain
GLUT-2: Liver, kidney, intestines
GLUT-3: brain
GLUT-4: muscle and adipose tissue (insulin dependant)
lactolysis
small intestines, lactase
endprod: galactose and glucose
galactose degr. endprod used in
UDP-glucose:
- lactogenesis
- chondroitin synthas
- glycogenesis
composition of milk
13% dry matter
- 8% milk sugar/lactose
- 5% milk fat
- 3% milk protein
where is milk fat from
(feed, microbial FA, de novo synth in adipose tissue and mammadry gland)
milk protein
mammary gland origin - 2.6% - casein - 0.1% - alpha-lactalbumin - 0.3% - beta-lactalbumin systemic synth in liver -> blood plasma - 0.1% - milk serum albumin and immunoglobulins (colostrum!!)
colostrum
First form of milk immediately following delivery
Most species will generate colostrum just prior to giving birth. Colostrum contains antibodies to protect the newborn against disease.
how does the diet of a cow impact the lactose and fat % of the milk
Starch/grain rich:
- GNG: increases milk sugar and decreases milk fat
Fiber/cellulose rich diet:
- more acetate, milk fat% increases
fiber/cellulose rich diet “pathway”
intensive salvia prod(buffer pH 8.2-8.4) -> increased pH to ish6.8. increased pH stim the microbes to make acetate, which produces FA -> milk Fat decr. and incr. milk sugar (lactose)
grain/stach rich diet “pathway”
less intensive salvia prod(buffer pH 8.2-8.4) -> decr pH to ish5.8
decr pH stim the microbes to make propionate, which is used in GNG for glucose prod -> milk fat increases
casein
phophoprotein -> casein micelle
- carry large amounts of highly insoluble CaP to mammalian young in liquid form and to form a clot in the stomach for more efficient nutrition.
