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PSYCO 258 > MIDTERM II CHAPTER 9 > Flashcards

MIDTERM II CHAPTER 9 Flashcards

1
Q

Knowledge that allow us to recognize objects and events and to make inferences about their properties

A

Conceptual knowledge

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2
Q

The mental representation of a class or individual

A

Concept

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3
Q

Includes all possible examples of a particular concept

A

Category

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4
Q

The process by which things are placed in categories

A

Categorization

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5
Q

States that we can decide whether something is a member of a category by determining whether a particular object meets definition of the category

A

Definition approach to categorization

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6
Q

Refers to the idea that members of a particular category resemble one another in a number of ways, this allows variation within a category

A

Family resemblance

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7
Q

Membership in a category is determined by comparing the object to a prototype that represents the category

A

Prototype approach to categorization

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8
Q

A typical member of the category based on an average of members of a category. Not an actual member of the category

A

Prototype

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9
Q

Used to determine how fast people could answer questions about an objects category

A

Sentence verification technique

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10
Q

The ability to judge highly prototypical objects more rapidly

A

Typicality effect

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11
Q

Effects of prototypicality

A

Family resemblance
Typicality
Naming
Priming

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12
Q

Involves determining whether an object is similar to other objects where the standards involved are many examples

A

Exemplar approach to categorization

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13
Q

Actual members of the category that a person has encountered in the past

A

Exemplars

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14
Q

Kind of organization in which larger, more general categories are divide into smaller, more specific categories, creating a number of level of categories

A

Hierarchical organization

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15
Q

Rosch’s level of categories

A

Global (superordinate)
Basic
Specific (subordinate)

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16
Q

Approach which proposes that concepts are arranged in networks

A

Semantic network approach

17
Q

Way of storing shared properties just once at a higher-level node

A

Cognitive economy

18
Q

Activity that spreads out along any link that is connected to an activated node

A

Spreading activation

19
Q

Criticism for Collins and Quillian Hierarchal model

A

Couldn’t explain the typicality effect

20
Q

Approach to creating computer models for representing cognitive process

A

Connectionism

21
Q

Another term for connectionist models as they propose that concepts are represented by activity that is distributed across the network

A

Parallel distributed processing (PDP)

22
Q

Circles in a connectionist network is called…

A

Units

23
Q

Units activated by stimuli from the environment

A

Input units

24
Q

Determines how signal sent from one unit either increase or decrease the activity of the next unit

A

Connection weight

25
Q

Error signal is sent back through the network

A

Back propagation

26
Q

Property in which disruption of performance occurs on gradually as parts of the system are damaged

A

Graceful degradation

27
Q

Research results which supports the idea of connectionism

A

1) operation of connectionist networks is not totally disrupted by damage
2) connectionist networks can explain generalization of learning

28
Q

An impairment in which patients have lost the ability to identify one type of object but retained the ability to identify other types of object

A

Category-specific memory impairment

29
Q

States that our ability to differentiate living things and artifacts depends on a semantic memory systems that distinguishes sensory attributes and a system that distinguishes function

A

Sensory-functional (S-F) hypothesis

30
Q

Proposes that there are specific neural circuits in the brain for specific categories

A

Semantic category approach

31
Q

Focuses not on the brain areas or networks that are specialized for specific concepts but on searching for more factors that determine how concepts are divided up within category

A

Multiple-factor approach

32
Q

Different concepts within a category share many properties (e.g. animals share eyes, legs etc) making it harder for patients to distinguish them

A

Crowding

33
Q

States that our knowledge of concepts is based on reactivation of sensory and motor processes that occur when we interact with the object

A

Embodied approach

34
Q

Neurons that fire when we do a task or when we observe another doing the same task

A

Mirror neurons

35
Q

Correspondence between words related to specific body parts and the location of brain activation

A

Semantic somatotopy

PSYCO 258 (9 decks)

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