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PSYCO 258 > FINALS CHAPTER 11 > Flashcards

FINALS CHAPTER 11 Flashcards

1
Q

System of communication using sounds or symbols that enables us to express our feelings, thoughts, ideas, and experience

A

Language

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2
Q

Published by B.F. Skinner where he proposed that language us learned through reinforcement

A

Verbal Behaviour

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3
Q

Published by Noam Chomsky where he proposed that human language is coded in genes

A

Syntactic Structures

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4
Q

Concerned with the psychological study of language; discover psychological process by which humans acquire and process language

A

Psycholinguistics

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5
Q

Four major concerns of psycholinguists are:

A

Comprehension
Speech production
Representation
Acquisition

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6
Q

Two smallest units of languge

A

Phonemes (sound)

Morphemes (meaning)

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7
Q

Shortest segment of speech that if changed, changes the meaning of a word

A

Phonemes

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8
Q

Smallest unit of language that has meaning or grammatical function

A

Morphemes

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9
Q

Occurs when phonemes are perceived in speech when the sound of the phoneme is covered up by extraneous noise

A

Phonemic restoration effect

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10
Q

Ability to perceive individual words even though there are often pauses between words in the sound signal

A

Speech segmentation

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11
Q

Refers to the finding that letters are easier to recognize when they are contained in a word than when they appear alone or are contained in a nonword

A

Word superiority effect

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12
Q

Words that people know the meaning of

A

Lexicons

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13
Q

A representative sample of utterances or written text from a particular language

A

Corpus

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14
Q

Frequency with which a word appears in a language

A

Word frequency

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15
Q

Refers to the fact that we respond more rapidly to high-frequency words in lexical decision task

A

Word frequency effect

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16
Q

Involves reading a lsit that consist of words and nonwords; task is to indicate as quickly as possible whether each entry in the two list is a word

A

Lexical decision task

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17
Q

The meaning of a sentence affects our ability to access words in a sentence

A

Context effects

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18
Q

Existence of multiple words meanings

A

Lexical ambiguity

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19
Q

Fact that some words are used more frequently than others

A

Meaning dominance

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20
Q

When words have two or more meanings with different dominance

A

Biased dominance

21
Q

When words have two or more meanings with about the same dominance

A

Balanced dominance

22
Q

Refers to the meanings of words and sentences

A

Semantics

23
Q

Specifies the rules for combining words into sentences

A

Syntax

24
Q

Refers to how heard ambiguous words had priming effect for the word relevant to both meaning

A

Lexical priming

25
Q

Slow, laboured, ungrammatical speech caused by damage to Broca’s area

A

Broca’s aphasia

26
Q

Broca’s aphasia is related to

A

Syntax (creating meaning based on word order)

27
Q

Produced speech was fluent and grammatically correct but tended to be incoherent’ have a more widespread difficulties in understanding

A

Wernicke’s aphasia

28
Q

Wernicke’s aphasia is related to

A

Semantics (understanding meaning)

29
Q

Rapid electrical response recorded with small disc electrodes placed on a person’s scalp which can distinguish semantics and syntax

A

Event-related potential (ERP)

30
Q

Mental grouping of words in a sentence into phrases

A

Parsing

31
Q

Sentence which begin appearing to mean one thing but then end up meaning something else

A

Garden path sentence

32
Q

Initial words are ambiguous and can lead to more than one meaning, but the meaning is made clear by the end of the sentence

A

Temporary ambiguity

33
Q

States that as people read the sentence, their grouping of words into phrases is governed by a number of rules that are based on syntax

A

Syntax-first approach to parsing

34
Q

States that when a person encounters a new word, the person’s parsing mechanism assumes that this word is part of the current phrase, so each new word is added to the current phrase for as long as possible.

A

Late closure

35
Q

Information provided by both syntax and semantics is taken into account as we read or listen to a sentence

A

Interactionist approach to parsing

36
Q

Involves determining how subjects process information as they are observing a visual scene

A

Visual world paradigm

37
Q

Determining what the text means by using our knowledge to go beyond the information

A

Inferences

38
Q

Representation of the text in one’s mind so that the information from one part of the text can be related to information on other part of the text

A

Coherence

39
Q

Inference that connects an object/person in one sentence to an object/person in another sentence

A

Anaphoric inference

40
Q

Inferences about tools and methods

A

Instrumental inference

41
Q

Inferences that the events described in one clause or sentence were caused by events that occurred from previous sentence

A

Causal inference

42
Q

Mental representation of what a text is about

A

Situational model

43
Q

States that a speaker should construct sentences so that they include two kinds of information (given and new)

A

Given-new contract

44
Q

The speakers mutual knowledge, beliefs and assumptions

A

Common ground

45
Q

Process by which people use similar grammatical constructions

A

Syntactic coordination

46
Q

Production of a specific grammatical construct by one person increases chances other person will use that construction

A

Syntactic priming

47
Q

Nature of a culture’s language can affect the way people think

A

Sapir-Whorf hypothesis

48
Q

Stimuli in the same categories are more difficult to discriminate from one another than stimuli in two different categories

A

Categorical perception

PSYCO 258 (9 decks)

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