FINALS CHAPTER 13

Question 1

Process of making choices between alternatives

Answer 1

Decision

Question 2

Process of drawing conclusions

Answer 2

Reasoning

Question 3

Reasoning based on observation; reaching conclusion from evidence

Answer 3

Inductive reasoning

Question 4

Factors that contribute to the strength of an inductive argument

Answer 4

Representative of observations
Number of observation
Quality of evidence

Question 5

“Rules of thumb” that are likely to provide the correct answer to a problem, but are not foolproof

Answer 5

Heuristics

Question 6

Events more easily remembered are judge as being more probable than those less easily remembered

Answer 6

Availability heuristics

Question 7

Occur when correlation appears to exist but either does not exist or is much weaker than assumed

Answer 7

Illusory correlations

Question 8

Oversimplified generalizations about a group or class of people that often focus on the negative

Answer 8

Stereotypes

Question 9

The probability that A is a member of class B can be determined by how well the properties of A resembles properties normally associated with class B

Answer 9

Representativeness heuristic

Question 10

The relative proportion of different classes in the population

Answer 10

Base rate

Question 11

Probability of two events cannot be higher than the probability of the single constituents

Answer 11

Conjunction rule

Question 12

States that larger number of individuals randomly drawn from a population, the more representative the resulting group will be of the entire population

Answer 12

Law of large numbers

Question 13

Tendency to selectively look for information that conforms to our hypothesis and overlook information that argues against it

Answer 13

Confirmation bias

Question 14

Assumes that people are basically rational

Answer 14

Expected utility theory

Question 15

Outcomes that are desirable because they are in the person’s best interest

Answer 15

Utility

Question 16

Emotions that people predict that they will feel concerning an outcome

Answer 16

Expected emotions

Question 17

Emotions experienced at a time a decision is being made

Answer 17

Immediate emotions

Question 18

The tendency to avoid risk when problem is stated in terms of losses

Answer 18

Risk aversion strategy

Question 19

Emotions that are not specifically related to decision-making

Answer 19

Incidental emotions

Question 20

The tendency to do nothing when faced with making a decision

Answer 20

Status-quo bias

Question 21

Strategy when problem is stated in terms of losses

Answer 21

Risk-taking strategy

Question 22

Decision is affected by how the choices are stated, or framed

Answer 22

Framing effect

Question 23

Combines research from the fields of psychology, neuroscience, and economics to study how brain activation is related to decisions that involve potential gains or losses

Answer 23

Neuroeconomics

Question 24

Determining whether a conclusion logically follows from the premise

Answer 24

Deductive reasoning

Question 25

Consist s of two premises followed by a third statement called the conclusion

Answer 25

Syllogism

Question 26

Describe relation between two categories using all, no, or some

Answer 26

Categorical syllogism

Question 27

The tendency to think syllogism is valid if its conclusion is believable

Answer 27

Belief bias

Question 28

A specific situation represented in a person’s mind that can be used to help determine the validity of syllogism in deductive reasoning

Answer 28

Mental model

Question 29

Have two premises and a conclusion lie categorical syllogism, but the first premise has the form “if..then”

Answer 29

Conditional syllogism

Question 30

To test a rule, it is necessary to look for situations that would falsify the rule

Answer 30

Falsification principle

Question 31

Thinking about the cause and effect in the world as part of experiencing everyday life

Answer 31

Pragmatic reasoning schema

Question 32

States that if a person satisfies a specific condition, then he or she gets to carry out an action

Answer 32

Permission schema

Question 33

Argues that we can trace many properties of our minds to the evolutionary principles of natural selection

Answer 33

Evolutionary principles of natural selection

Question 34

States that an important aspect of human behaviour is the ability for two people to cooperate in a way that is beneficial to both people

Answer 34

Social exchange theory