MIDTERM II CHAPTER 10

Question 1

Seeing in the absence of stimuli

Answer 1

Visual imagery

Question 2

Experiencing a sensory impression in the absence of sensory input

Answer 2

Mental imagery

Question 3

In this experiment, subjects are presented with pair of words which showed that it is easier to remember concrete nouns that can be imagined than abstract nouns; one way to measure behaviour that could be used to infer cognitive processes

Answer 3

Paired-associate learning

Question 4

According to this hypothesis, concrete nouns create images that other words can “hang onto”

Answer 4

Conceptual-peg hypothesis

Question 5

In this experiment, participants mentally rotated one object to see if it matched another object; showed that the time it take took to decide that two views were of the same object was directly related to how different the angles were between the two views

Answer 5

Mental chronometry

Question 6

Participants create mental images and then scan them in their mind; showed the spatial nature of imagery (Kosslyn, 1973)

Answer 6

Mental scanning

Question 7

Debate about wether imagery is based on spatial mechanisms or related to language called propositional mechanisms

Answer 7

Imagery debate

Question 8

A representation in which different parts of an image can be described as corresponding to a specific locations in space;

Answer 8

Spatial representation

Question 9

Pylyshyn (1973) argues that spatial representation is an ______ which accompanies real mechanism but is not a actually a part of it

Answer 9

Epiphenomenon

Question 10

Representation in which relationships can be represented by abstract symbols

Answer 10

Propositional representation

Question 11

Representations that are like realistic pictures of an object, so that the parts of the representation corresponds to parts of the object

Answer 11

Depictive representation

Question 12

People know that in real world it takes longer to travel long distance, so they stimulate this result in Kosslyn’s experiment

Answer 12

Tacit-knowledge explanation

Question 13

In this experiment, participants judge whether arrow points to dots previously seen; used to counter tacit knowledge explanation as participants did not have the time to memorize the distance, so they did not have tacit knowledge

Answer 13

Finke and Pinker’s experiment

Question 14

Task wherein participants were to imagine they were walking towards their mental image and estimate how far they were from the mental image

Answer 14

Mental-walk task

Question 15

In this experiment participants mistook actual picture for a mental image projected at them

Answer 15

Perky’s experiment (1910)

Question 16

Result’s of Farah’s (1985) letter visualization experiment

Answer 16

Perception and imagery share mechanisms

Question 17

Respond to both perceiving and imagining an object; shows an overlap in brain activation of the visual cortex

Answer 17

Imagery neurons

Question 18

Result of Kosslyn’s experiment when his subjects created mental images of different sizes while they were in a brain scanner

Answer 18

As size of the mental image increases, activation moved towards the front of the visual cortex

Question 19

Result of Ganis’s experiment who used fMRI to measure brain activation under two conditions, imagery and perception

Answer 19

Perception and imagery activates same are in the frontal lobe, but perception activates more area in the visual cortex in the occipital lobe

Question 20

Decreases brain functioning in a particular area of the brain for a short time

Answer 20

Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS)

Question 21

The TMS experiment result

Answer 21

Response time for bothe perception and imagery task is slower;
Brain activity in the visual area of the brain plays a causal role for both perception and imagery

Question 22

Said to reduce the size of field of view and accordingly decreased the (walking) distance to the image in the mental-walk task

Answer 22

Removing part of the visual cortex

Question 23

A condition after damaging their parietal lobes wherein patients ignore objects in one half of the visual field in perception and imagery

Answer 23

Unilateral neglect

Question 24

According to Behrmann and coworkers the difference in the mechanism of visual perception and imagery is..

Answer 24

Visual perception involves bottom-up processing (located at lower and higher visual centres)
Imagery is a top-down process (located at higher visual centres)

Question 25

Conclusion from the imagery debate

Answer 25

Imagery and perception are closely related and share some (but not all) mechanism
Perception is automatic and stable while imagery takes effort and is fragile

Question 26

Visualizing items to be remembered in different locations in mental image of a spatial layout

Answer 26

Mrthod of loci

Question 27

Associating items to be remembered with concrete words (pegwords); this created a vivid image of things to be remembered with the object represented by the word

Answer 27

Pegword technique

Question 28

A way of associating or linking two words together. It is based on the finding that when people form an interactive image between two concepts, one item becomes an excellent cue for retrieving the second

Answer 28

Link word method