MIDTERM II CHAPTER 10 Flashcards
Seeing in the absence of stimuli
Visual imagery
Experiencing a sensory impression in the absence of sensory input
Mental imagery
In this experiment, subjects are presented with pair of words which showed that it is easier to remember concrete nouns that can be imagined than abstract nouns; one way to measure behaviour that could be used to infer cognitive processes
Paired-associate learning
According to this hypothesis, concrete nouns create images that other words can “hang onto”
Conceptual-peg hypothesis
In this experiment, participants mentally rotated one object to see if it matched another object; showed that the time it take took to decide that two views were of the same object was directly related to how different the angles were between the two views
Mental chronometry
Participants create mental images and then scan them in their mind; showed the spatial nature of imagery (Kosslyn, 1973)
Mental scanning
Debate about wether imagery is based on spatial mechanisms or related to language called propositional mechanisms
Imagery debate
A representation in which different parts of an image can be described as corresponding to a specific locations in space;
Spatial representation
Pylyshyn (1973) argues that spatial representation is an ______ which accompanies real mechanism but is not a actually a part of it
Epiphenomenon
Representation in which relationships can be represented by abstract symbols
Propositional representation
Representations that are like realistic pictures of an object, so that the parts of the representation corresponds to parts of the object
Depictive representation
People know that in real world it takes longer to travel long distance, so they stimulate this result in Kosslyn’s experiment
Tacit-knowledge explanation
In this experiment, participants judge whether arrow points to dots previously seen; used to counter tacit knowledge explanation as participants did not have the time to memorize the distance, so they did not have tacit knowledge
Finke and Pinker’s experiment
Task wherein participants were to imagine they were walking towards their mental image and estimate how far they were from the mental image
Mental-walk task
In this experiment participants mistook actual picture for a mental image projected at them
Perky’s experiment (1910)
Result’s of Farah’s (1985) letter visualization experiment
Perception and imagery share mechanisms
Respond to both perceiving and imagining an object; shows an overlap in brain activation of the visual cortex
Imagery neurons
Result of Kosslyn’s experiment when his subjects created mental images of different sizes while they were in a brain scanner
As size of the mental image increases, activation moved towards the front of the visual cortex
Result of Ganis’s experiment who used fMRI to measure brain activation under two conditions, imagery and perception
Perception and imagery activates same are in the frontal lobe, but perception activates more area in the visual cortex in the occipital lobe
Decreases brain functioning in a particular area of the brain for a short time
Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS)
The TMS experiment result
Response time for bothe perception and imagery task is slower;
Brain activity in the visual area of the brain plays a causal role for both perception and imagery
Said to reduce the size of field of view and accordingly decreased the (walking) distance to the image in the mental-walk task
Removing part of the visual cortex
A condition after damaging their parietal lobes wherein patients ignore objects in one half of the visual field in perception and imagery
Unilateral neglect
According to Behrmann and coworkers the difference in the mechanism of visual perception and imagery is..
Visual perception involves bottom-up processing (located at lower and higher visual centres)
Imagery is a top-down process (located at higher visual centres)
