FINALS CHAPTER 12

Question 1

Occurs when an obstacle is present between a present state and a goal

Answer 1

Problem

Question 2

Gestalt psychologists’ approach where they change the problem’s representation

Answer 2

Restructuring

Question 3

Sudden realization of a problem’s solution

Answer 3

Insight

Question 4

Difference between solving insight vs noninsight problems

Answer 4

Insight problems were solved suddenly

Non-insight problems are solved gradually (linear)

Question 5

People’s tendency to focus on a specific characteristic of the problem that keeps them from arriving at a solution

Answer 5

Fixation

Question 6

Restricting use of an object to its familiar function

Answer 6

Functional fixedness

Question 7

Example of problems of functional fixedness

Answer 7

Candle problem

Two-string problem

Question 8

Preconceived notion about how to approach a problem which is determined by experience

Answer 8

Mental set

Question 9

Conditions at the beginning of the problem

Answer 9

Initial state

Question 10

Solution of the problem

Answer 10

Goal state

Question 11

Actions that take the problem from one state to another

Answer 11

Operators

Question 12

Conditions after each step is made towards solving problem

Answer 12

Intermediate state

Question 13

All possible states that could occur when solving a problem

Answer 13

Problem space

Question 14

A way of solving a problem in which the goal is to reduce the difference between the initial and goal state

Answer 14

Means-end analysis

Question 15

Small goals that help create intermediate states closer to goal

Answer 15

Subgoals

Question 16

This problem shows that it is easier to solve when information is provided that points towards the correct representation of the problem

Answer 16

Mutilated-checkerboard problem

Question 17

In this procedure, subjects are asked to say out loud wha they are thinking while solving the problem

Answer 17

Think-aloud protocol

Question 18

Using the solution to a similar problem to guide solution of a new problem

Answer 18

Analogical problem solving

Question 19

Transfer from one problem to another

Answer 19

Analogical transfer

Question 20

Problem that the subject is trying to solve

Answer 20

Target problem

Question 21

Another problem that shares some similarities with the target problem and that illustrates a way to solve the target problem

Answer 21

Source problem

Question 22

Underlying principles that govern the solutions

Answer 22

Structural features

Question 23

Process by which tw o problems are compared and similarities between them are determined

Answer 23

Analogical encoding

Question 24

Observing people to determine how they solve problems in real life situation

Answer 24

In vivo problem solving research

Question 25

States that it can be difficult to apply analogies in the laboratory, but people routinely use analogies in real world settings

Answer 25

Analogical paradox

Question 26

Thinking that is open-ended, involving a large number of potential solutions

Answer 26

Divergent thinking

Question 27

Purpose of this technique is to encourage people to freely express ideas that might be useful in solving a particular problem

Answer 27

Group brainstorming

Question 28

One method of individual idea generation which train people to think creatively

Answer 28

Creative cognition

Question 29

Ideas that precede the creation of a finished creative products

Answer 29

Preinventive forms

Question 30

Capacity to screen out stimuli that are considered irrelevant

Answer 30

Latent inhibition

Question 31

People with autism or other mental disorders are able to achieve extraordinary feat

Answer 31

Savant syndrome