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PSYCO 258 > MIDTERM 1 CHAPTERS 1-5 > Flashcards

MIDTERM 1 CHAPTERS 1-5 Flashcards

1
Q

Study of the physiological basis of cognition

A

Cognitive Neuroscience

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2
Q

Network thought to be a continuous complex pathway for conducting signals

A

Nerve net

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3
Q

What was the problem why early neuroscientists failed to correctly visualize neurons?

A

Staining techniques only allowed to resolve few details

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4
Q

States that individual nerve cells transmit signals and are not continuous with other cells

A

Neuron Doctrine

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5
Q

Metabolic centre of the of a neuron which contains mechanism to keep the neuron alive

A

Cell body

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6
Q

Part of neuron which branches out the cell body and receive signals from other neurons

A

Dendrites

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7
Q

Transmits signals away from the cell body

A

Axons

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8
Q

True or False. In recording action potential, Adrian found that each action potential that travels along the axon does not change height or shape.

A

True

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9
Q

Firing of a receptor increases as stimulus increases.

A

True

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10
Q

Chemicals that affect the electrical signals of the receiving neuron

A

Neurotransmitters

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11
Q

States that everything a person experiences is based not on direct contact with stimuli but on representations in the person’s nervous system

A

Principle of Neural Representation

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12
Q

Neurons near the visual cortex which responds to specific stimulus features such as orientation, movement and length

A

Feature detectors

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13
Q

Progression from lower to higher areas of the brain which corresponds to perceiving objects that move from lower (simple) to higher levels of complexity

A

Hierarchal processing

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14
Q

Refers to how neurons represent various characteristics of the environment

A

Sensory code

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15
Q

Representation of a specific stimulus by firing of specifically tuned neurons specialized to just responds to specific stimulus

A

Specificity coding

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16
Q

Representation of an object by the pattern of firing of a large number of neurons

A

Population coding

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17
Q

Occurs when a particular object is represented by a pattern of firing of only a small group of neurons

A

Sparse coding

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18
Q

Basic principle of brain organization that states that specific function are served by specific areas of the brain

A

Localization of function

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19
Q

Layer of tissue that covers the brain

A

Cerebral cortex

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20
Q

Area in the left frontal lobe specialized in speech or producing language

A

Broca’s area

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21
Q

Area found in the temporal lobe which is responsible in language comprehension

A

Wernicke’s area

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22
Q

Primary receiving are for the vision

A

Occipital lobe

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23
Q

where the auditory cortex is located which receives signals from the ears

A

Temporal lobe

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24
Q

Located in the parietal lobe and is responsible for the perception of touch and pain

A

Somatosensory cortex

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25
Q

Receives signals from all of the senses and is responsible for coordinating the senses and higher cognitive functions

A

Frontal lobe

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26
Q

The inability to recognize faces

A

Prosopagnosia

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27
Q

Damage to one area of the brain of the brain causes function A to be absent, but function B is still present and vice versa

A

Double dissociation

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28
Q

Gets activated when people see, recognizes or remember faces

A

Fusiform Face Area (FFA)

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29
Q

Gets activated when a person see places or a spatial layout (indoor/outdoor scene)

A

Parahippocampal Place Area (PPA)

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30
Q

Responds specifically to pictures of body and parts of the body

A

Extrastriate Body Area (EBA)

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31
Q

Idea that specific cognitive functions activate many areas of the brain

A

Distributed representation

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32
Q

Groups of neurons or structures that are connected together

A

Neural networks

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33
Q

Experience resulting from the stimulation of the senses

A

Perception

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34
Q

Three basic concepts of perception are

A

1) perception can change based on added info
2) involves a process similar to reasoning or problem solving
3) occurs in conjunction with actions

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35
Q

True or False. Perception is an automatic processing of the brain.

A

False. Perception may seem like automatics as it occurs rapidly, but it is NOT automatic.

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36
Q

Why is it so difficult to design a perceiving machine?

A

Inverse Projection Problem
Objects can be hidden or blurred
Objects look different from different view points

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37
Q

What is Inverse Projection Problem?

A

Task of determining the object responsible for the image on the retina
Involves starting with the retinal image and then extending outward to the source of the image

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38
Q

The ability to recognize an object seen from different viewpoints

A

Viewpoint invariance

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39
Q

Perception comes from stimuli in the environment wherein parts of the stimuli are identified and put together, then recognition occurs

A

Direct perception theories (bottom-up processing)

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40
Q

People actively construct perceptions using information based on expectations, experience and knowledge

A

Constructive perception theories (top-down processing)

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41
Q

The ability to tell when one word ends and another begins

A

Speech segmentation

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42
Q

An early model that emphasized nocireceptors that would send pain messages directly to the brain

A

Direct Pathway model

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43
Q

Is direct pathway model is a bottom-up/top-down processing model?

A

Bottom up

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44
Q

Decrease in pain from a substance that has no pharmacological effect

A

Placebo Effect

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45
Q

Placebo effect is an example of top-down/bottom-up processing?

A

Top-down

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46
Q

Helmholtz’s principle that states that we perceive the object that is most likely to have caused the pattern of stimuli that we perceive

A

Likelihood principle

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47
Q

Process in which our perceptions are the result of our unconscious assumptions or inferences that we make about the environment

A

Unconscious inference

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48
Q

An approach in perception which rejected the idea that perceptions were formed by adding up sensations and instead propose that the whole is different than the sum of its parts

A

Gestalt Psychology

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49
Q

Principle behind the illusion of movements created by the stroboscope

A

Principle of Apparent Movement

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50
Q

Proposed by the Gestalt psychologists to explain the way elements are grouped together to create larger objects

A

Principles of Perceptual Organizations

51
Q

Lines tend to be seen as following the smoothest path

A

Law of Good Continuation

52
Q

Every stimulus pattern is seen so the resulting structure is as simple as possible

A

Law of Pragnanz (Simplicity or Good Figure)

53
Q

Position of things that appear to be similar is important. Things near each other appear grouped together

A

Law of proximity

54
Q

Things moving in the same direction appear to be grouped together

A

Law of Common Fate

55
Q

Characteristics of the environment that occur frequently and are said to influence our perception

A

Regularities of the environment

56
Q

Regularly occurring physical properties of the environment

A

Physical regularities

57
Q

People can perceive verticals and horizontals more easily than other orientations

A

Oblique effect

58
Q

Lighting direction can determine perception

A

Light-from-above perception

59
Q

Characteristics associated with the functions carried out in different types of scene

A

Semantic Regularities

60
Q

Knowledge of what a given scene ordinarily contains

A

Scene schema

61
Q

States that our estimate of the probability of an outcome is determined by the prior probability and likelihood of the outcome

A

Bayesian Inference

62
Q

Initial belief about the probability of an outcome

A

Prior probability

63
Q

The extent to which the available evidence is consistent with the outcome

A

Likelihood

64
Q

Pathway from striate cortex to temporal lobe which is involve in the initial perception and determining the object’s identity

A

What pathway (perception pathway)

65
Q

Pathway from striate cortex to parietal lobe which is responsible for determining an object’s location

A

Where pathway (act pathway)

66
Q

We perceive objects by perceiving elementary features

A

Recognition-by-components (RBC)

67
Q

Three dimensional volumes used to identify objects

A

Geons

68
Q

Geons can e distinguished from other geons from almost all viewpoints

A

Discriminability

69
Q

Geons can be perceived in “noisy” conditions

A

Resistance to visual noise

70
Q

The stage of identification of objects where basic features are automatically computed with no attention required

A

Preattentive stage

71
Q

The stage in identification of an object where basic features are combined together

A

Attentive stage

72
Q

The ability to focus on a specific stimuli or locations on our environment

A

Attention

73
Q

Attending to one thing while ignoring others

A

Selective

74
Q

Paying attention to more than one thing at a time

A

Divided attention

75
Q

Movement of the eyes from one location or object to another

A

Visual scanning

76
Q

This model shows that the filter in our mind eliminates unattended information right at the beginning

A

Broadbent’s Filter Model (aka Early Selection Model)

77
Q

This part of the early selection model identifies messages being attended and lets attended message pass through

A

Filter

78
Q

This part of the early selection model process information for a higher level meaning

A

Detector

79
Q

Participant “shadows” one message to ensure he or she is attending to that message when one message is presented to the left ear and another to the right ear.

A

Dichotic listening

80
Q

Model of attention wherein both the attended and unattended messages get passed through but more emphasis is given to the attended

A

Attenuation Model

81
Q

Replaces the filter in the early selection model which analyzes the incoming message in terms of physical appearance, language and meaning

A

Attenuator

82
Q

Contains words, stored in memory, each of which has a threshold for being activated

A

Dictionary unit

83
Q

Proposed the incoming information is processed to the level of meaning before the message is further processed and selected

A

Late selection Model (McKay)

84
Q

Refers to the amount of information a person can handle and sets the limit on their ability to process incoming information

A

Processing capacity

85
Q

Factor related to the difficulty of the task

A

Perceptual load

86
Q

Low load task can that use few cognitive resources may leave resources available for processing unattended task-irrelevant stimuli, while high-load task use all of a persons’s cognitive resources

A

Load Theory of Attention

87
Q

Demonstrate how the name of the word interferes with the ability to name the ink color and how we cannot avoid paying attention to the meanings of the words

A

Stroop effect

88
Q

Shifting attention from place to place by moving the eyes is called…

A

Overt attention

89
Q

Areas that stand out and capture attention

A

Stimulus salience

90
Q

Scanning based on a stimulus salience is a bottom-up/top-down process?

A

Bottom-up processing

91
Q

Process in which we direct our attention without eye movement

A

Covert Attention

92
Q

Example experiment of covert attention

A

Attentional cues

93
Q

Bottom up control of attention (based on what’s happening)

A

Exogenous (low-level)

94
Q

Top-down control of attention which is based on what observer believes

A

Endogenous (high-level control)

95
Q

Processing that occurs without intention and only cost some of a person’s cognitive resources

A

Automatic processing

96
Q

Example of not attending to something that is clearly visible

A

Inattentional blindness

97
Q

Difficulty in detecting changes in scenes

A

Change blindness

98
Q

Process by which features of an object are combined to create our perception

A

Binding

99
Q

Tackles the question how do we perceive individual features as part of the same object

A

Feature Integration Theory

100
Q

Processes involved in retaining, retrieving and using information about stimulus after the original information is no longer present

A

Memory

101
Q

Initial stage of the modal model of memory which holds all the incoming information for seconds or fractions of a second

A

Sensory memory

102
Q

Holds five to seven items for about 15-20 seconds

A

Short-term memory

103
Q

Can hold a large amount of information for years or even decades

A

Long-term memory

104
Q

Retention of the perception of light

A

Persistence of vision

105
Q

Type of method in which participants are asked to report as many as possible

A

Whole-report method

106
Q

Only a row of letter are reported depending on the tone heard

A

Partial report

107
Q

Presentation of the tone was delayed during this method

A

Delayed partial report method

108
Q

Brief sensory memory of the things we see and is responsible for the persistence of vision

A

Iconic memory

109
Q

Brief sensory memory of the things we hear and is responsible for the persistence of sound

A

Echoic memory

110
Q

Vanishing of a memory trace due to the passage of time and exposure to competing stimuli

A

Memory decay

111
Q

Occurs when the information learned PREVIOUSLY interferes with learning new information

A

Proactive interference

112
Q

Occurs when new learning interferes with remembering old learning

A

Retroactive interference

113
Q

Process which measures the capacity of STM

A

Change detection

114
Q

The process of combining small units to form larger meaningful units

A

Chunking

115
Q

Limited-capacity system for temporary storage and manipulation of information for complex tasks such as comprehension, learning and reasoning

A

Working memory

116
Q

Component of the phonological loop which holds information for a short period of time

A

Phonological store

117
Q

Responsible for rehearsal that can keep items in the phonological store from decaying and translate visual information into speech-based code

A

Articulatory rehearsal (control) process

118
Q

Confusion of letters or words that sound similar

A

Phonological similarity effect

119
Q

Repetition of irrelevant sounds reduces memory b/c speaking interferes with rehearsal

A

Articulatory suppression

120
Q

Component which handles visual and spatial information

A

Visuospatial sketch pad

121
Q

Why does phonological similarity effect still persist when there is no auditory input?

A

Articulatory control process has converted visual information onto phonological form

122
Q

The creation of the visual images in the mind in the absence of a physical visual stimulus

A

Visual imagery

123
Q

Control centre which coordinates how information is used by phonological loop and visuospatial sketch pad

A

Central executive

124
Q

Component which can store information thereby providing extra capacity

A

Episodic buffer

PSYCO 258 (9 decks)

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