MIDTERM 1 CHAPTERS 1-5 Flashcards
1
Q
Study of the physiological basis of cognition
A
Cognitive Neuroscience
2
Q
Network thought to be a continuous complex pathway for conducting signals
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Nerve net
3
Q
What was the problem why early neuroscientists failed to correctly visualize neurons?
A
Staining techniques only allowed to resolve few details
4
Q
States that individual nerve cells transmit signals and are not continuous with other cells
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Neuron Doctrine
5
Q
Metabolic centre of the of a neuron which contains mechanism to keep the neuron alive
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Cell body
6
Q
Part of neuron which branches out the cell body and receive signals from other neurons
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Dendrites
7
Q
Transmits signals away from the cell body
A
Axons
8
Q
True or False. In recording action potential, Adrian found that each action potential that travels along the axon does not change height or shape.
A
True
9
Q
Firing of a receptor increases as stimulus increases.
A
True
10
Q
Chemicals that affect the electrical signals of the receiving neuron
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Neurotransmitters
11
Q
States that everything a person experiences is based not on direct contact with stimuli but on representations in the person’s nervous system
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Principle of Neural Representation
12
Q
Neurons near the visual cortex which responds to specific stimulus features such as orientation, movement and length
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Feature detectors
13
Q
Progression from lower to higher areas of the brain which corresponds to perceiving objects that move from lower (simple) to higher levels of complexity
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Hierarchal processing
14
Q
Refers to how neurons represent various characteristics of the environment
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Sensory code
15
Q
Representation of a specific stimulus by firing of specifically tuned neurons specialized to just responds to specific stimulus
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Specificity coding
16
Q
Representation of an object by the pattern of firing of a large number of neurons
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Population coding
17
Q
Occurs when a particular object is represented by a pattern of firing of only a small group of neurons
A
Sparse coding
18
Q
Basic principle of brain organization that states that specific function are served by specific areas of the brain
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Localization of function
19
Q
Layer of tissue that covers the brain
A
Cerebral cortex
20
Q
Area in the left frontal lobe specialized in speech or producing language
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Broca’s area
21
Q
Area found in the temporal lobe which is responsible in language comprehension
A
Wernicke’s area
22
Q
Primary receiving are for the vision
A
Occipital lobe
23
Q
where the auditory cortex is located which receives signals from the ears
A
Temporal lobe
24
Q
Located in the parietal lobe and is responsible for the perception of touch and pain
A
Somatosensory cortex
25
Receives signals from all of the senses and is responsible for coordinating the senses and higher cognitive functions
Frontal lobe
26
The inability to recognize faces
Prosopagnosia
27
Damage to one area of the brain of the brain causes function A to be absent, but function B is still present and vice versa
Double dissociation
28
Gets activated when people see, recognizes or remember faces
Fusiform Face Area (FFA)
29
Gets activated when a person see places or a spatial layout (indoor/outdoor scene)
Parahippocampal Place Area (PPA)
30
Responds specifically to pictures of body and parts of the body
Extrastriate Body Area (EBA)
31
Idea that specific cognitive functions activate many areas of the brain
Distributed representation
32
Groups of neurons or structures that are connected together
Neural networks
33
Experience resulting from the stimulation of the senses
Perception
34
Three basic concepts of perception are
1) perception can change based on added info
2) involves a process similar to reasoning or problem solving
3) occurs in conjunction with actions
35
True or False. Perception is an automatic processing of the brain.
False. Perception may seem like automatics as it occurs rapidly, but it is NOT automatic.
36
Why is it so difficult to design a perceiving machine?
Inverse Projection Problem
Objects can be hidden or blurred
Objects look different from different view points
37
What is Inverse Projection Problem?
Task of determining the object responsible for the image on the retina
Involves starting with the retinal image and then extending outward to the source of the image
38
The ability to recognize an object seen from different viewpoints
Viewpoint invariance
39
Perception comes from stimuli in the environment wherein parts of the stimuli are identified and put together, then recognition occurs
Direct perception theories (bottom-up processing)
40
People actively construct perceptions using information based on expectations, experience and knowledge
Constructive perception theories (top-down processing)
41
The ability to tell when one word ends and another begins
Speech segmentation
42
An early model that emphasized nocireceptors that would send pain messages directly to the brain
Direct Pathway model
43
Is direct pathway model is a bottom-up/top-down processing model?
Bottom up
44
Decrease in pain from a substance that has no pharmacological effect
Placebo Effect
45
Placebo effect is an example of top-down/bottom-up processing?
Top-down
46
Helmholtz’s principle that states that we perceive the object that is most likely to have caused the pattern of stimuli that we perceive
Likelihood principle
47
Process in which our perceptions are the result of our unconscious assumptions or inferences that we make about the environment
Unconscious inference
48
An approach in perception which rejected the idea that perceptions were formed by adding up sensations and instead propose that the whole is different than the sum of its parts
Gestalt Psychology
49
Principle behind the illusion of movements created by the stroboscope
Principle of Apparent Movement
50
Proposed by the Gestalt psychologists to explain the way elements are grouped together to create larger objects
Principles of Perceptual Organizations
51
Lines tend to be seen as following the smoothest path
Law of Good Continuation
52
Every stimulus pattern is seen so the resulting structure is as simple as possible
Law of Pragnanz (Simplicity or Good Figure)
53
Position of things that appear to be similar is important. Things near each other appear grouped together
Law of proximity
54
Things moving in the same direction appear to be grouped together
Law of Common Fate
55
Characteristics of the environment that occur frequently and are said to influence our perception
Regularities of the environment
56
Regularly occurring physical properties of the environment
Physical regularities
57
People can perceive verticals and horizontals more easily than other orientations
Oblique effect
58
Lighting direction can determine perception
Light-from-above perception
59
Characteristics associated with the functions carried out in different types of scene
Semantic Regularities
60
Knowledge of what a given scene ordinarily contains
Scene schema
61
States that our estimate of the probability of an outcome is determined by the prior probability and likelihood of the outcome
Bayesian Inference
62
Initial belief about the probability of an outcome
Prior probability
63
The extent to which the available evidence is consistent with the outcome
Likelihood
64
Pathway from striate cortex to temporal lobe which is involve in the initial perception and determining the object’s identity
What pathway (perception pathway)
65
Pathway from striate cortex to parietal lobe which is responsible for determining an object’s location
Where pathway (act pathway)
66
We perceive objects by perceiving elementary features
Recognition-by-components (RBC)
67
Three dimensional volumes used to identify objects
Geons
68
Geons can e distinguished from other geons from almost all viewpoints
Discriminability
69
Geons can be perceived in “noisy” conditions
Resistance to visual noise
70
The stage of identification of objects where basic features are automatically computed with no attention required
Preattentive stage
71
The stage in identification of an object where basic features are combined together
Attentive stage
72
The ability to focus on a specific stimuli or locations on our environment
Attention
73
Attending to one thing while ignoring others
Selective
74
Paying attention to more than one thing at a time
Divided attention
75
Movement of the eyes from one location or object to another
Visual scanning
76
This model shows that the filter in our mind eliminates unattended information right at the beginning
Broadbent’s Filter Model (aka Early Selection Model)
77
This part of the early selection model identifies messages being attended and lets attended message pass through
Filter
78
This part of the early selection model process information for a higher level meaning
Detector
79
Participant “shadows” one message to ensure he or she is attending to that message when one message is presented to the left ear and another to the right ear.
Dichotic listening
80
Model of attention wherein both the attended and unattended messages get passed through but more emphasis is given to the attended
Attenuation Model
81
Replaces the filter in the early selection model which analyzes the incoming message in terms of physical appearance, language and meaning
Attenuator
82
Contains words, stored in memory, each of which has a threshold for being activated
Dictionary unit
83
Proposed the incoming information is processed to the level of meaning before the message is further processed and selected
Late selection Model (McKay)
84
Refers to the amount of information a person can handle and sets the limit on their ability to process incoming information
Processing capacity
85
Factor related to the difficulty of the task
Perceptual load
86
Low load task can that use few cognitive resources may leave resources available for processing unattended task-irrelevant stimuli, while high-load task use all of a persons’s cognitive resources
Load Theory of Attention
87
Demonstrate how the name of the word interferes with the ability to name the ink color and how we cannot avoid paying attention to the meanings of the words
Stroop effect
88
Shifting attention from place to place by moving the eyes is called...
Overt attention
89
Areas that stand out and capture attention
Stimulus salience
90
Scanning based on a stimulus salience is a bottom-up/top-down process?
Bottom-up processing
91
Process in which we direct our attention without eye movement
Covert Attention
92
Example experiment of covert attention
Attentional cues
93
Bottom up control of attention (based on what’s happening)
Exogenous (low-level)
94
Top-down control of attention which is based on what observer believes
Endogenous (high-level control)
95
Processing that occurs without intention and only cost some of a person’s cognitive resources
Automatic processing
96
Example of not attending to something that is clearly visible
Inattentional blindness
97
Difficulty in detecting changes in scenes
Change blindness
98
Process by which features of an object are combined to create our perception
Binding
99
Tackles the question how do we perceive individual features as part of the same object
Feature Integration Theory
100
Processes involved in retaining, retrieving and using information about stimulus after the original information is no longer present
Memory
101
Initial stage of the modal model of memory which holds all the incoming information for seconds or fractions of a second
Sensory memory
102
Holds five to seven items for about 15-20 seconds
Short-term memory
103
Can hold a large amount of information for years or even decades
Long-term memory
104
Retention of the perception of light
Persistence of vision
105
Type of method in which participants are asked to report as many as possible
Whole-report method
106
Only a row of letter are reported depending on the tone heard
Partial report
107
Presentation of the tone was delayed during this method
Delayed partial report method
108
Brief sensory memory of the things we see and is responsible for the persistence of vision
Iconic memory
109
Brief sensory memory of the things we hear and is responsible for the persistence of sound
Echoic memory
110
Vanishing of a memory trace due to the passage of time and exposure to competing stimuli
Memory decay
111
Occurs when the information learned PREVIOUSLY interferes with learning new information
Proactive interference
112
Occurs when new learning interferes with remembering old learning
Retroactive interference
113
Process which measures the capacity of STM
Change detection
114
The process of combining small units to form larger meaningful units
Chunking
115
Limited-capacity system for temporary storage and manipulation of information for complex tasks such as comprehension, learning and reasoning
Working memory
116
Component of the phonological loop which holds information for a short period of time
Phonological store
117
Responsible for rehearsal that can keep items in the phonological store from decaying and translate visual information into speech-based code
Articulatory rehearsal (control) process
118
Confusion of letters or words that sound similar
Phonological similarity effect
119
Repetition of irrelevant sounds reduces memory b/c speaking interferes with rehearsal
Articulatory suppression
120
Component which handles visual and spatial information
Visuospatial sketch pad
121
Why does phonological similarity effect still persist when there is no auditory input?
Articulatory control process has converted visual information onto phonological form
122
The creation of the visual images in the mind in the absence of a physical visual stimulus
Visual imagery
123
Control centre which coordinates how information is used by phonological loop and visuospatial sketch pad
Central executive
124
Component which can store information thereby providing extra capacity
Episodic buffer
