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Biology 1114 > MIDTERM I > Flashcards

MIDTERM I Flashcards

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1
Q

Population

A

Set of individuals of a species that live in the same area and interbreed

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2
Q

Common garden experiment

A

Plants of known genetics grown in controlled environmental conditions to assess effects of genes vs. environment on phenotype

exp. from class: blue and pink flowers placed in each other’s gardens to see if their color would switch

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3
Q

Environmentally controlled phenotypes

A

bx/characteristics that are LEARNED

exp. from class: birds w/o genetic coding for migration had to be driven around in a truck and taught

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4
Q

Independent variable

A

what the scientist changes to understand its effects on the system

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5
Q

HW: what q equals

A

TOTAL frequency (not number!) of recessive ALLELES!!!

This is NOT the frequency for phenotype!

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6
Q

Response to selection (R) definition

A

Compares mean phenotype values of post-selection offspring to hypothetical offspring of pre-selection parental generation

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7
Q

HW: what P^2 equals

A

Frequency of homo dom PHENOTYPE!

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8
Q

fertilization success

A

alleles impact the probability that fertilization will occur

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9
Q

When you should use mental math

A

NEVER!!!

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10
Q

Evolution vs natural selection

A

evolution is a change

natural selection is a process of elimination that enables change

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11
Q

Phenotype

A

The set of observable physical characteristic of an organism; product of genes and the environment

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12
Q

Confounding variable

A

factors that affect the results that were notcontrolled for

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13
Q

Stabilizing natural selection

A

nature selects against EXTREME phenotypes

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14
Q

Vp

A

Eqn term for Phenotypic Variation of Population

= Vg + Vp

exp. from class: different colored ticks who get sunburn

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15
Q

Selection Differential (definition)???

A

(quantifies) the shift in mean phenotype of population before and after a selection event

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16
Q

HW: what q^2 equals

A

Frequency of homo rec PHENOTYPE!

This does not give you the total NUMBER of recessive alleles! If you need the total number of recessive alleles, you must also consider the qs from 2pq!

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17
Q

Natural selection

A

phenomena where individuals with certain inherited traits survive/reproduce more than other individuals as their traits make them better suited to their environment

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18
Q

Viability

A

Probability that an individual bearing genotype will survive

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19
Q

conditions for coevolution (3)

A
  1. Each species must overlap (geographically)
  2. Each species must act as selective pressure on the phenotype of the other
  3. A given phenotype of species A is more fit in the presence of species B

exp. from class: trees evolve peskier pines as bird evolve beaks better adapted for peskier pines

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20
Q

Gene flow

A

1 of 3 types of non-adaptive evolution

Movement of alleles from one population to another

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21
Q

Scientific hypothesis

A

tentative mechanistic explanation of an observation

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22
Q

Relative fitness definition

A

relative measure of the survival and reproduction among known genotypes

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23
Q

Prediction

A

A statement of what will happen if your alternative hypothesis is correct given a specific set of experimental circumstances

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24
Q

mating success

A

Number and quality of mates

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25
Q

coevolution

A

he joint evolution of two or more interacting species in which pressure from each species acts as a selective agent on the other

exp from class: the cheetah gets its speed from the gazelle

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26
Q

Heritability (h^2) definition

A

the proportionof phenotypic variation (in a population) attributable to genotypic variation

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27
Q

Expanded

Heritability (h^2) formula THRESHOLD

A

if h^2 is 0.2 or higher, consider the trait heritable

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28
Q

Mutation

A

A permanent, randomly occurring change in an organism’s DNA sequence that may or may not result in phenotypic change

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29
Q

3 mechanisms of antibiotic resistance

A
  1. Low outer membrane permeability
  2. Surface receptor mutations
  3. Antibiotic efflux pumps:
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30
Q

Frequency

A

% of the time an allele is in a population relative to the other alleles for that gene

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31
Q

How high heritability r/t natural selection

A

Traits that are highly heritable can respond more strongly to natural selection

exp. from class: bitterness in oak tree seeds can become more bitter over generations (to avoid herbivory) if bitterness is very heritable.

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32
Q

Population level Punnett Squares

A

can be used to predict the phenotypes frequencies of a population in terms of P and q

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33
Q

Epigenetic responses vs evolution responses to environmental pressures

(3 things)

A

epigenetic works faster
does not require many generations
can impact survivability of individuals that already exist

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34
Q

Natural selection

A

phenomena where some phenotypes outperform others (in survivability & fitness) in the population’s environmental conditions

can only impact HERITABLE traits

phenomena where individuals with certain inherited traits survive/reproduce more than other individuals as their traits make them better suited to their environment

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35
Q

Non-adaptive evolution

A

unpredictable, random evolution occurring by gene flow, genetic drift, or random mutation

36
Q

Allele

A

Alternate forms of the same gene; different alleles may code for different phenotypes

37
Q

Heritability (h^2) formula

A

h^2 = Vg/Vp

where Vp = Vg + Ve

38
Q

Disruptive natural selection

A

nature selects against moderate phenotypes

39
Q

Ve

A

Eqn term for Phenotypic Variation due to ENVIRONMENTAL Variation at Population Level

exp. from class: different colored ticks who get sunburn

40
Q

Common garden experiment

A

Plants of known genetics grown in controlled environmental conditions to assess effects of genes vs. environment on phenotype

41
Q

Selection

A

nonrandom differential survival and reproduction of certain phenotypes based on selective pressures that results in adaptive evolution

42
Q

Heritability (h^2) formula

A

h^2 = Vg/Vp

where Vp = Vg + Ve

43
Q

frequency dependent selection

A

when a phenotype is advantageous while it’s rare, but disadvantage when it’s common

exp. from class: common, right mouthed scale eating fish had disadvantage bc they lost the element of surprise

the fitness of a phenotype depends on how common it is in the population

44
Q

Gram positive bacteria

A

has 3 layers of protection

  1. Cell membrane
  2. periplasmic space
  3. cell wall (peptidoglycan)
45
Q

Evolution concerned with populations, not individuals

A

Evolution concerned with populations, not individuals

46
Q

Epigenetic inheritance

A

inheritance of traits transmitted in ways OTHER than DNA

exp. from class: rats raised by low nursing mothers produced more of a hormone that inhibits expression of stress management gene. When hormone was taken from stress rats and placed in nurtured rats, the nurtured rats became stressed.

47
Q

plasmid

A

small circular pieces of DNA independent of chromosomal DNA; usually the mode of transfer for resistance genes

48
Q

5 -ish conditions for evolution by natural selection

A
  1. Variation
  2. Variations heritable/passed down through reproduction
  3. Variations enable some individuals to outperform others in survival and fitness
  4. Selective pressure facilitate eliminations
  5. Alleles for adaptive phenotype more common in offspring
49
Q

conditions for coevolution (3)

A
  1. Each species must overlap (geographically)
  2. Each species must act as selective pressure on the phenotype of the other
  3. A given phenotype of species A is more fit in the presence of species B
50
Q

Response to selection (R) formula

A

R = o* - obarr

where o* is the mean phenotype for offspring after a selection event and obarr is the mean phenotype the offspring would have if the selection event never happened.

51
Q

Adaptive evolution

A

predictable, non-random evolution occurring by natural selection

52
Q

conditions for Hardy Wineberg Equilibrium

A
  1. no adaptive evolution (i.e. no natural selection nor selective mating)
  2. no non-adaptive evolution (i.e. no gene flow, no mutations, no genetic drift*)
    * genetic drift accounted for by infinite population size
53
Q

Epigenetic inheritance

A

inheritance of traits transmitted in ways OTHER than DNA

exp. from class: changes in which genes get expressed w/o actually changing the genes themselves

54
Q

What a h^2 of 0 means

A

100% of phenotypic variation in population is d/t ENVIRONMENTAL variation, not genotypic variation

55
Q

Genetic drift

A

1 of 3 types of non-adaptive evolution

Random events change allele frequency from generation to generation

56
Q

Vg

A

Eqn term for Phenotypic Variation due to Genotypic Variation at Population Level

exp. from class: different colored ticks who get sunburn

57
Q

Expanded

Heritability (h^2) formula

A

R/S

where R is the offspring ‘response to selection’ and S is the parents ‘selection differential’

58
Q

Evolution (definition)

A

A change in allele frequencies in a population from generation to generation

59
Q

Fecundity

A

Number of gametes per individual

60
Q

Variables

A

actors of interest to scientists that can change

61
Q

horizontal gene transfer (in bacteria)

A

movement of genes between organisms without reproduction

62
Q

Genotype

A

An individual’s set of genes; the pair of alleles an organism has for a gene

63
Q

When you should use mental math

A

NEVER!!! Especially for HW problems

64
Q

Gram staining method

A

gram positive stains purple

gram negative stains pink

65
Q

HW: what 2pq equals

A

Frequency of hetero PHENOTYPE!

66
Q

gamete viability

A

refers alleles that impact longevity or quality of sperm/egg

exp. from class: alleles for wetness of salamander gametes

67
Q

Gene

A

A unit of DNA that codes for a protein; unit of heredity

68
Q

Hardy-Wineberg Equilibrium (def)

A

describes a population that is NOT evolving

69
Q

Cross fostering experiment

A

baby-swap method used to distinguish environmental vs. genetic effects on phenotypes

exp. from class- switching wolf pups from poor hunting packs with pups from good hunting packs

70
Q

Mutation

A

1 of 3 types of non-adaptive evolution

Change in DNA sequence

71
Q

Relative fitness formula

A

Rbarr of individual/ Rbarr of most fit individual

fitness of individual in question/fitness of most successful individual of the same genotype

72
Q

Scientific theory

A

Explanation for observation that is broad and highly supported by evidence from many experiments

73
Q

Gram negative bacteria

A

has 5 layers of protection

  1. Cell membrane
  2. periplasmic space
  3. cell wall
  4. another periplasmic space
  5. outer membrane
74
Q

HW: what P equals

A

TOTAL frequency (not number!) of dominant ALLELES!!!

This is NOT the frequency for phenotype!

75
Q

Dependent variable

A

how the scientist measures how the system responds to the independent variable

76
Q

selective pressure

A

some change in the environment that is potentially limiting

exp. from class: skinniest birds had a die off during a heavy rain that reduced the number of flying insects the birds could eat

77
Q

Stabilizing selection

A

1 o 3 types of natural selection

selects against the extreme versions of a phenotype

78
Q

Fitness (Rbarr)

A

The average reproductive output (Rbarr) of all organisms bearing a given GENOTYPES: integrates differences in survival and reproduction

79
Q

Calculation for Phenotypic variation in a population

NOT THE SAME AS HERITABILITY FORMULA!!!

A

Genotypic variation + Environmental variation

Vp = Vg + Ve

80
Q

gene pool

A

all copies of every (or a specific) gene in a population

81
Q

Directional natural selection

A

nature selects against certain phenotypes such that the mean phenotype shifts from right to left

82
Q

Inherited

A

Characteristic passed from parent to offspring via genes

83
Q

When you should make inference about data on graphs

A

Never!

Unless asked, you should only report on the results of the graph. Don’t try to explain them w/o prompting.

84
Q

What “quantitative variation means (Mendel)

A

That the trait is expressed on a continuum (like skin color)

85
Q

When you get a 9:3:3:1 ratio on a dihybrid cross

A

When both parents are hetero for both traits

Biology 1114 (24 decks)

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