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Biology 1114 > MIDTERM I > Flashcards

MIDTERM I Flashcards

1
Q

Population

A

Set of individuals of a species that live in the same area and interbreed

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2
Q

Common garden experiment

A

Plants of known genetics grown in controlled environmental conditions to assess effects of genes vs. environment on phenotype

exp. from class: blue and pink flowers placed in each other’s gardens to see if their color would switch

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3
Q

Environmentally controlled phenotypes

A

bx/characteristics that are LEARNED

exp. from class: birds w/o genetic coding for migration had to be driven around in a truck and taught

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4
Q

Independent variable

A

what the scientist changes to understand its effects on the system

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5
Q

HW: what q equals

A

TOTAL frequency (not number!) of recessive ALLELES!!!

This is NOT the frequency for phenotype!

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6
Q

Response to selection (R) definition

A

Compares mean phenotype values of post-selection offspring to hypothetical offspring of pre-selection parental generation

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7
Q

HW: what P^2 equals

A

Frequency of homo dom PHENOTYPE!

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8
Q

fertilization success

A

alleles impact the probability that fertilization will occur

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9
Q

When you should use mental math

A

NEVER!!!

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10
Q

Evolution vs natural selection

A

evolution is a change

natural selection is a process of elimination that enables change

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11
Q

Phenotype

A

The set of observable physical characteristic of an organism; product of genes and the environment

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12
Q

Confounding variable

A

factors that affect the results that were notcontrolled for

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13
Q

Stabilizing natural selection

A

nature selects against EXTREME phenotypes

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14
Q

Vp

A

Eqn term for Phenotypic Variation of Population

= Vg + Vp

exp. from class: different colored ticks who get sunburn

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15
Q

Selection Differential (definition)???

A

(quantifies) the shift in mean phenotype of population before and after a selection event

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16
Q

HW: what q^2 equals

A

Frequency of homo rec PHENOTYPE!

This does not give you the total NUMBER of recessive alleles! If you need the total number of recessive alleles, you must also consider the qs from 2pq!

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17
Q

Natural selection

A

phenomena where individuals with certain inherited traits survive/reproduce more than other individuals as their traits make them better suited to their environment

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18
Q

Viability

A

Probability that an individual bearing genotype will survive

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19
Q

conditions for coevolution (3)

A
  1. Each species must overlap (geographically)
  2. Each species must act as selective pressure on the phenotype of the other
  3. A given phenotype of species A is more fit in the presence of species B

exp. from class: trees evolve peskier pines as bird evolve beaks better adapted for peskier pines

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20
Q

Gene flow

A

1 of 3 types of non-adaptive evolution

Movement of alleles from one population to another

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21
Q

Scientific hypothesis

A

tentative mechanistic explanation of an observation

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22
Q

Relative fitness definition

A

relative measure of the survival and reproduction among known genotypes

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23
Q

Prediction

A

A statement of what will happen if your alternative hypothesis is correct given a specific set of experimental circumstances

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24
Q

mating success

A

Number and quality of mates

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25
coevolution
he joint evolution of two or more interacting species in which pressure from each species acts as a selective agent on the other exp from class: the cheetah gets its speed from the gazelle
26
Heritability (h^2) definition
the proportionof phenotypic variation (in a population) attributable to genotypic variation
27
Expanded | Heritability (h^2) formula THRESHOLD
if h^2 is 0.2 or higher, consider the trait heritable
28
Mutation
A permanent, randomly occurring change in an organism’s DNA sequence that may or may not result in phenotypic change
29
3 mechanisms of antibiotic resistance
1. Low outer membrane permeability 2. Surface receptor mutations 3. Antibiotic efflux pumps:
30
Frequency
% of the time an allele is in a population relative to the other alleles for that gene
31
How high heritability r/t natural selection
Traits that are highly heritable can respond more strongly to natural selection exp. from class: bitterness in oak tree seeds can become more bitter over generations (to avoid herbivory) if bitterness is very heritable.
32
Population level Punnett Squares
can be used to predict the phenotypes frequencies of a population in terms of P and q
33
Epigenetic responses vs evolution responses to environmental pressures (3 things)
epigenetic works faster does not require many generations can impact survivability of individuals that already exist
34
Natural selection
phenomena where some phenotypes outperform others (in survivability & fitness) in the population’s environmental conditions can only impact HERITABLE traits phenomena where individuals with certain inherited traits survive/reproduce more than other individuals as their traits make them better suited to their environment
35
Non-adaptive evolution
unpredictable, random evolution occurring by gene flow, genetic drift, or random mutation
36
Allele
Alternate forms of the same gene; different alleles may code for different phenotypes
37
Heritability (h^2) formula
h^2 = Vg/Vp where Vp = Vg + Ve
38
Disruptive natural selection
nature selects against moderate phenotypes
39
Ve
Eqn term for Phenotypic Variation due to ENVIRONMENTAL Variation at Population Level exp. from class: different colored ticks who get sunburn
40
Common garden experiment
Plants of known genetics grown in controlled environmental conditions to assess effects of genes vs. environment on phenotype
41
Selection
nonrandom differential survival and reproduction of certain phenotypes based on selective pressures that results in adaptive evolution
42
Heritability (h^2) formula
h^2 = Vg/Vp where Vp = Vg + Ve
43
frequency dependent selection
when a phenotype is advantageous while it's rare, but disadvantage when it's common exp. from class: common, right mouthed scale eating fish had disadvantage bc they lost the element of surprise the fitness of a phenotype depends on how common it is in the population
44
Gram positive bacteria
has 3 layers of protection 1. Cell membrane 2. periplasmic space 3. cell wall (peptidoglycan)
45
Evolution concerned with populations, not individuals
Evolution concerned with populations, not individuals
46
Epigenetic inheritance
inheritance of traits transmitted in ways OTHER than DNA exp. from class: rats raised by low nursing mothers produced more of a hormone that inhibits expression of stress management gene. When hormone was taken from stress rats and placed in nurtured rats, the nurtured rats became stressed.
47
plasmid
small circular pieces of DNA independent of chromosomal DNA; usually the mode of transfer for resistance genes
48
5 -ish conditions for evolution by natural selection
1. Variation 2. Variations heritable/passed down through reproduction 3. Variations enable some individuals to outperform others in survival and fitness 4. Selective pressure facilitate eliminations 5. Alleles for adaptive phenotype more common in offspring
49
conditions for coevolution (3)
1. Each species must overlap (geographically) 2. Each species must act as selective pressure on the phenotype of the other 3. A given phenotype of species A is more fit in the presence of species B
50
Response to selection (R) formula
R = o* - obarr where o* is the mean phenotype for offspring after a selection event and obarr is the mean phenotype the offspring would have if the selection event never happened.
51
Adaptive evolution
predictable, non-random evolution occurring by natural selection
52
conditions for Hardy Wineberg Equilibrium
1. no adaptive evolution (i.e. no natural selection nor selective mating) 2. no non-adaptive evolution (i.e. no gene flow, no mutations, no genetic drift*) * genetic drift accounted for by infinite population size
53
Epigenetic inheritance
inheritance of traits transmitted in ways OTHER than DNA exp. from class: changes in which genes get expressed w/o actually changing the genes themselves
54
What a h^2 of 0 means
100% of phenotypic variation in population is d/t ENVIRONMENTAL variation, not genotypic variation
55
Genetic drift
1 of 3 types of non-adaptive evolution Random events change allele frequency from generation to generation
56
Vg
Eqn term for Phenotypic Variation due to Genotypic Variation at Population Level exp. from class: different colored ticks who get sunburn
57
Expanded | Heritability (h^2) formula
R/S where R is the offspring 'response to selection' and S is the parents 'selection differential'
58
Evolution (definition)
A change in allele frequencies in a population from generation to generation
59
Fecundity
Number of gametes per individual
60
Variables
actors of interest to scientists that can change
61
horizontal gene transfer (in bacteria)
movement of genes between organisms without reproduction
62
Genotype
An individual’s set of genes; the pair of alleles an organism has for a gene
63
When you should use mental math
NEVER!!! Especially for HW problems
64
Gram staining method
gram positive stains purple | gram negative stains pink
65
HW: what 2pq equals
Frequency of hetero PHENOTYPE!
66
gamete viability
refers alleles that impact longevity or quality of sperm/egg exp. from class: alleles for wetness of salamander gametes
67
Gene
A unit of DNA that codes for a protein; unit of heredity
68
Hardy-Wineberg Equilibrium (def)
describes a population that is NOT evolving
69
Cross fostering experiment
baby-swap method used to distinguish environmental vs. genetic effects on phenotypes exp. from class- switching wolf pups from poor hunting packs with pups from good hunting packs
70
Mutation
1 of 3 types of non-adaptive evolution Change in DNA sequence
71
Relative fitness formula
Rbarr of individual/ Rbarr of most fit individual fitness of individual in question/fitness of most successful individual of the same genotype
72
Scientific theory
Explanation for observation that is broad and highly supported by evidence from many experiments
73
Gram negative bacteria
has 5 layers of protection 1. Cell membrane 2. periplasmic space 3. cell wall 4. another periplasmic space 5. outer membrane
74
HW: what P equals
TOTAL frequency (not number!) of dominant ALLELES!!! This is NOT the frequency for phenotype!
75
Dependent variable
how the scientist measures how the system responds to the independent variable
76
selective pressure
some change in the environment that is potentially limiting exp. from class: skinniest birds had a die off during a heavy rain that reduced the number of flying insects the birds could eat
77
Stabilizing selection
1 o 3 types of natural selection selects against the extreme versions of a phenotype
78
Fitness (Rbarr)
The average reproductive output (Rbarr) of all organisms bearing a given GENOTYPES: integrates differences in survival and reproduction
79
Calculation for Phenotypic variation in a population NOT THE SAME AS HERITABILITY FORMULA!!!
Genotypic variation + Environmental variation Vp = Vg + Ve
80
gene pool
all copies of every (or a specific) gene in a population
81
Directional natural selection
nature selects against certain phenotypes such that the mean phenotype shifts from right to left
82
Inherited
Characteristic passed from parent to offspring via genes
83
When you should make inference about data on graphs
Never! Unless asked, you should only report on the results of the graph. Don't try to explain them w/o prompting.
84
What "quantitative variation means (Mendel)
That the trait is expressed on a continuum (like skin color)
85
When you get a 9:3:3:1 ratio on a dihybrid cross
When both parents are hetero for both traits

Biology 1114 (24 decks)

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