Chpt 24: (12) Species and Speciation

Question 1

Poor/Reduced Hybrid viability

Answer 1

1 of 2 types of POSTzygotic reproductive isolation

When hybrid offspring don’t develop normally and die

Question 2

Gradual model (of speciation)

Answer 2

rate of speciation where species diverge steadily over time

exp. from class butterflies from oranges to pink through a series of shades of orange, then orange pink, then pink

Question 3

2 types of reproductive isolation

Answer 3

prezygotic

postzygotic

Question 4

temporal isolation

Answer 4

1 of 3 types of prezygotic reproductive isolation

when males and females come into heat/breed at different times

exp. from class was the plant with male and female blooming at different times
exp. from BOOK bishop pines and monterey pines release their pollen at different times of the year

Question 5

Competitive exclusion (principle)

Answer 5

the idea that two species occupying the EXACT same niche cannot coexist (because one will outcompete the other)

exp. from class: Hawaiian honey crisper birds

Question 6

Postzygotic reproductive isolation

Answer 6

1 of 2 types of reproductive isolation

prevents hybridoffspring from surviving/mating

Question 7

Parapatric speciation

Answer 7

1 of 3 modes of speciation

when a geographically CONTINUOUS population is spread over extremely vast distances (usually, with very different selection pressures) AND each species can breed with its neighbors, but not with the species located on the other side of the divide EXCEPT at the point (in the ‘ring’) where the populations rejoin

exp. from class was the Canadian and Southern Californian spread of little colorful lizards

Question 8

speciation

Answer 8

when populations achieve reproductive isolation

Question 9

Dispersal

Answer 9

1 of 2 modes of allopatric speciation

when population is split up (because some members move away) and the population is NO LONGER CONTINUOUS

exp. from class fruit flies that moved to a new island in Hawaii

Question 10

Vicariance

Answer 10

1 of 2 modes of allopatric speciation

population split up by geographic barrier

exp. from class is chipmunks growing on opposite sides of a canyon

Question 11

biological species concept

Answer 11

the idea that species can be separated by whether or not they can produce fertile offspring

exp. from class: 2 types of elephants

Question 12

Allopatric speciation

Answer 12

1 of 3 modes of speciation

gene flow prevented by geographic isolation

Question 13

Hybrid sterility

Answer 13

1 of 2 types of POSTzygotic reproductive isolation

When hybrid offspring survive to mating age, but they are sterile

exp. from class: fertile horses and fertile donkeys make sterile mules

Question 14

Resource partitioning

Answer 14

when similar species can coexist in an area if they use different sets of similar resources or the same resource at different times

exp. from class: Hawaiian honey crisper birds

Question 15

niche

Answer 15

the specific biotic and abiotic resources used by a species

Question 16

Prezygotic reproductive isolation

Answer 16

1 of 2 types of reproductive isolation

prevents mating OR prevents fertilization after mating

Question 17

Habitat (barrier)

Answer 17

1 of 5 types of prezygotic reproductive isolation

when populations don’t interbreed bc they breed in different habitats

Question 18

biotic

Answer 18

r/t or resulting from living organisms (especially in their ecological relationships)

Question 19

Punctuated equilibrium (model)

Answer 19

describes a rate for speciation where rapid bursts of speciations followed by little change

exp. from class butterflies change from orange to pink in one felt swoop

Question 20

behavioral isolation

Answer 20

1 of 5 types of prezygotic reproductive isolation

when populations don’t interred bc they have different courting behaviors

exp. from class: overly elaborate courting of snails

Question 21

ring population

Answer 21

part of parapatric speciations

continuous population over a large geographic area that can interbreed except where they populations rejoin

exp. from class was the Canadian and Southern Californian spread of little colorful lizards

Question 22

mechanical isolation

Answer 22

1 of 5 types of prezygotic reproductive isolation

when mating fails bc reproductive structures are incompatible

exp. from book: great dane vs chihuahua

Question 23

gametic barrier/incompatibility

Answer 23

1 of 5 types of prezygotic reproductive isolation

when matings fail bc egg and sperm are not compatible

Dr. C calls it gametic isolation

Question 24

genetic species concept

Answer 24

the idea that species can be separated by genetic makeup OR by shared evolutionary history

exp. from class: 2 types of elephants

Question 25

Sympatric

Answer 25

1 of 3 modes of speciation speciations occurs (even though populations live in the same geographic area) d/t things like sexual selection exp. from class: Lake Victoria Cichilds experienced speciation d/t sexual selection

Question 26

Morphological species concept

Answer 26

the idea that species can be separated by physical characteristics exp. from class: 2 types of elephants

Question 27

reproductive isolation

Answer 27

involves barriers that prevent members of different species from producing fertile offspring together

Question 28

Adaptive radiation

Answer 28

When a single lineage rapidly produces many descendant species with a wide range of adaptive forms (from book) periods of evolutionary change in which organisms form many new species with adaptations specialized to different niches (class)

Question 29

abiotic

Answer 29

something physical rather than biological; not derived from living organisms.