Midterm For MA17 Flashcards
What is abduction?
Increases the angle of the joint to move a part away from the midline. (away from the body)
What is adduction?
decreases the angle of a joint to move a part toward the midline (towards the body)
What is an aneurysm?
When a part of an artery wall weakens, allowing it to abnormally balloon out or widen. (A bulge in the wall of an artery)
What causes an angina pectoris?
Ischemia
(Reduced blood flow to the heart muscles, not enough blood going to the muscles of the heart.)
What is arteriosclerosis?
The thickening or hardening of the arteries caused by a buildup of plaque in the inner lining of an artery.
Articul/o
joint
Atrophy
the reduced activity (withering of the cells, tissues) decreases in size and change in functions.
Some tissues lose their elasticity or ability to regenerate as we get older.
Audit/o-
hearing
Auricle (and what the name is known for?)
(or Pinna) The appendage on the side of the head surrounding the opening of the external acoustic canal.
Avulsion
a breakage caused by forceful contraction of a muscle against resistance, and a bone fragment tears at the site of muscle insertion.
Biopsy
the process of viewing living tissue that has been removed for the purpose of diagnosis or treatment.
Buccal
cheek
Bursitis
a painful inflammation of small, fluid- filled sacs called bursae. Occurs when bursae becomes irritated and inflamed.
Cardiomyopathy
Condition of the heart muscle that includes cardiomegaly and heart failure.
When the heart muscle becomes abnormal, may become thin and weakened, enlarged and thick, or rigid. (Can lead to arrhythmias, heart failure, edema, and heart valve problems.
What are the carpal bones?
Scaphoid, Lunate, Triquetrum, Pisiform, Trapezium, Trapezoid, Capitate, and Hamate
Cataract
a cloudy or opaque area in the normally clear lens of the eye. Blocks the passage of light into the retina, causing impaired vision.
Clavicle
the collarbone, pair of long, curved horizontal bones that attach to the upper sternum and the acromion.
Cryosurgery
Destruction of tissue through the use of extreme cold, usually liquid nitrogen.
Degenerative (as it applies to diseases)
when the function or structure of the affected tissues or organs changes for the worse over time.
occur in the older generations due to the wear and tear on the structures.
Diastole
When the heart is at rest and the atria fills with blood.
Epistaxis
nosebleed (caused by infection, injury, allergic reaction, nose picking, or an object pushed into the nostril)
Erythema
superficial reddening of the skin, usually in patches, as a result of injury or irritation causing dialation of the blood capillaries.
Exacerbation
worsening ( an increase in the severity of a disease or its signs and symptoms)
Flutter
Extremely rapid but regular heartbeat (250 to 350 bpm)
Glaucoma (and the test that is done to diagnose it)
increased intraocular pressure (IOP) because the aqueous humor cannot circulate freely.
Test: tonometry
Hordeolum
Stye, an infection of one of the sebaceous glands of an eyelash
Humerus bone
Upper arm bone
Idiopathic (as it pertains to the structure of the body)
describes a disease of an unknown cause.
Intra-
inner, within
Intra-articular
situated within, occurring within, or administered by entering a joint.
Lacriminal gland (and what it produces)
produces tears
Lipoma
a fatty tumor that is a soft, movable, subcutaneous nodule.
Leukemia
cancer of the blood cells.
Impacts the bone marrow causing lots of abnormal blood cells to be created.
Macular degeneration
an eye diseases that can blur your central vision.
Malac/o-
soft, softening
Meniscus (as it relates to the skeletal system)
consists of crescent shaped cartilage in the knee joint that additionally cushions the joint.
Mononucleosis (and another term it is known as)
the kissing disease. (common acquired as a child or adolescent) can be passed by kissing, sneezing, coughing, or by sharing eating/drinking utensils.
Myopia
occurs when light rays entering the eye focus in front of the retina. This causes objects at a distance to appear blurry and dull.
Oncology
the study of cancer
Osteoarthritis (another term it is known as)
causes bones to become weak and brittle
AKA degenerative joint disorder (DJD)
otitis media
inflammation of the middle ear.
Suppurative OM is pus-filled fluid
Secretory OM is clear fluid discharge
ot/o-
ears
otolaryngology
study of the ears, nose, throat
outpatient
a patient who receives medical treatment without being admitted to a hospital.
pernicious anemia
a decrease in red blood cells that occur when the intestines cannot properly absorb vitamin B12.
pharyngitis
Inflammation or infection of the pharynx, usually causing symptoms of a sore throat.
pinkeye
inflammation of the conjunctiva (highly contagious disorder)
AKA conjunctivitis
post-
behind, after
psoriasis
an autoimmune disease that affects the life cycle of skin cells. Causes skin cells to build up rapidly on the surface of the skin. ( thick, silvery scales, and itchy, dry red patches and sometimes painful)
pulmonologist
A doctor who specializes diagnosing and treating diseases of the lungs.
pupil (and what it does)
the round opening in the center of the iris (changes sizes to let light into the eye.)
smaller=bright light
large= light decreases
prognosis
a prediction of the probable outcome of a disease or disorder
rhin/o-
nose
ROM
Range of motion
rotation
turning on a single axis
rotator cuff (it’s location)
a group of muscles and tendons that hold the shoulder joint in place and allows you to move your arm and shoulders.
Location:upper arm, place in your shoulder socket.
sickle cell anemia (causes of it)
crescent moon or sickle shaped RBCs. Do not carry oxygen efficiently through the blood capillaries.
Cause: a defect in a gene (inherited)
sprain
a stretching or tearing of ligaments
sudoriferous gland
AKA sweat glands. In the dermis and provide a means of temperature regulation for the body.
systole
Occurs when the heart is contracting
thrombocyte (function)
are commonly known as platelets.
can help form blood clots to slow down or stop bleeding and help wounds heal.
thrombus
A blood clot that forms on the walls of a blood vessel or in the heart when blood platelets, proteins, and cells stick together.
thrush
a fungal (yeast) infection that can grow in your mouth, throat. ( possibly during birth process, after antibiotic therapy, diabetes, or weakened immune system.
tibia (and its location)
the shin bone (lower leg)
tinnitus
A constant perceived ringing, buzzing, clicking, roaring, or whistling sound in the ear without an external stimulus
vertigo
Dizziness, an abnormal sensation of movement when there is no such movement
What does a pacemaker control?
Helps control the heart beat at a normal rate and rhythm.
Which type of tissue does basal cell carcinoma originate from?
(Epithelial) basal cells
Location of the adenoids
Location: the upper airway between your nose and the back of your throat
What are the different body planes
-Coronal (divides the body into from anterior (front) and posterior (back) sections
-Sagittal (divides the body into right and left sections)
-Transverse (divides the body into superior (upper) and inferior (lower) sections
What is released into the blood from the heart when myocardial cells die?
Cardiac enzyme
When a person has a keloid, what substance is excessive?
excessive growth of collagen (scar tissue)
What does a goniometer measure?
an angle or permits the rotation of an object to a definite position.
What do melanocytes produce?
the pigment called melanin.
The integumentary system consists of
Skin, hair, nails
What are the types of burns? and their characteristics
First degree burn-superficial burns. Affects only the epidermis (outer layer)
Second degree burn-partial thickness
Third degree burn-full thickness
If a person has an autoimmune disorder, does their body produce antibodies or antigens?
antibodies
Digitalis is prescribed for what type of condition?
heart conditions
What is the cause of essential hypertension?
no identifiable cause; develops with age
What kind of blood do the arteries carry?
Oxygenated (Clean) blood
What kind of blood do the veins carry?
Oxygen-poor (Dirty) blood
What is the bony socket in the cranium?
the orbit
What are causes of presbyopia? and blurry vision?
Cause: Age
The lens of the eye becomes less flexible, and the ciliary muscle weakens. Changing the point of focus from distance to near becomes difficult.
What is systemic circulation in blood?
carries oxygenated blood from the left ventricle, through the arteries, to the capillaries in the tissues of the body.
What type of drugs decrease inflammation?
NSAID (Non-Steroid Anti-Inflammatory Drugs)
What instrument is used for a Rinne test?
Tuning fork
-Comminuted fracture:
caused by a severe, direct force, which creates a fracture with multiple fragments.
What are the different types of fractures? and how are they normally diagnosed?
-compression fracture: caused by forces that drive bones together (mostly in vertebrae)
-depressed fracture: bone fragments of the skull are driven inward.
-greenstick fracture: when the bone is cracked on one side and intact on the other side
-hairline fracture
-oblique fracture
-spiral fracture-caused by a twisting or rotary force which result in long, sharp, pointed bone ends.
-transverse fracture
Where does the aorta receive blood from?
left ventricle
When are screening tests usually done for scoliosis?
during a child’s growth spurt (10 to 15 years old)
The thymus gland matures what types of cells?
lymphocytes or T-cells
Reason of an assistive device given is?
to maintain or improve an individual’s functioning and independence, thereby promoting their well-being.
Why would a patient be prescribed a muscle relaxant?
for musculoskeletal conditions including low back pain, neck pain, fibromyalgia, tension headaches, and myofascial pain syndrome.
What is the electrical conduction system of the heart?
the cardiac Conduction system:
1. SA Node
2. Av Node
3. Bundle of His
4. Right and left bundle branches
5. Purkinje fibers
What are the functions of the pulmonary artery and the pulmonary vein?
pulmonary veins carry: oxygen rich blood
pulmonary arteries carry: oxygen poor blood
Which blood type is the universal donor? (Include the +/-)
O-
Which blood type is the universal recipient? (Include the +/-)
AB+
Location of the blind spot is?
A small area on the retina that is insensitive to light. Where the optic nerve joins the retina.
What are the burns percentages?
Back of Head: 4.5%
Front of Head: 4.5%
Front and back arms: 4.5% each
Torso (front and back): 18% each
Front and back legs: 9% each
genital area: 1%
What are the 6 types of joints? Example
- Ball and socket joint. (ex. shoulder)
- Hinge joint. (ex. elbow, knee)
- Condyloid joint. (ex. wrist, hand)
- Pivot joint. (ex. neck)
- Gliding joint. (ex. ankles, spine)
- Saddle join (ex. trapezionmetacarpal join at the base of your thumb, middle of ear)
Osteoblasts
Make new bones
Osteoclasts
Breakdown bones
Cells in bone
Osteocytes
Axial Skeleton
Bones in the midline of the body (skull, ribs, spine)
Appendicular Skeleton
Upper and lower extermities
(arms, legs, sacrum)
Spinal cord
Cervical (7) C1-C7 (C1:Atlas, C2: Axis)
Thoracic (12) T1-T12
Lumbar (5) L1-L5
Sacrum (5 fused)
Coccyx (3 -5 fused)
Epiphyseal plate vs Epiphyseal line
Plate: made of cartilage (age 18-25) growth still occurring
Line: no more growth
Types of bones
Long : length greater than width
Short: Length and width about same
Flat: thing
Irregular: various shapes
Sesamoid: formed in tendons or other areas with increased stress
