MIDTERM BASIC Flashcards
What is the Public Health Service (PHS) ?
- under department of health and human services
- offers defense against infectious diseases that might spread among the populace.
- monitor, screen, protect, and educate the public
What is coagulation?
-study of the ability of blood to form and dissolve clots.
Coagulation tests are used to do what?
-discover, identify, and monitor defects in the blood-clotting mechanism
What are the two most coagulation tests?
- prothrombin time (PT)
* partial thromboplastin time (PTT)
What is the most common chemistry specimen and what are the other types of specimens tested?
Most common: serum
Other types: plasma, whole blood, urine, and various other bloody fluids
Hematocrit (Hct) test belongs to what tube and what department?
- lavender top
- Hematology Dept.
- additive: EDTA
Reticulocyte count test belongs to what tube and what department with what additive?
- lavender top
- hematology dept.
- additive: EDTA
What are the infectants of the body?
- microbes that are pathogenic (capable of causing disease) called pathogens
- microbes that are nonpathogenic meaning they don’t cause disease
List the different types of infectants of the body:
- bacteria
- fungi
- Protozoa
- viruses
- rickettsia
- HIV
What is the centers for Disease Controls and Prevention (CDC) ?
- investigate and control various diseases especially those that are communicable and have epidemic potential
- develops guidelines and recommends safety precautions to protect healthcare workers and others from infection
What is Healthcare Infection Control and Practice Advisory Committee (HICPAC)?
-advices CDC on updating guidelines regarding prevention of nosocomial infections in hospitals and other healthcare facilities
List the components of infection transmission referred to as Chain of Infection:
- infectious agent (germ): bacteria, fungi, Protozoa viruses
- reservoir(place): animal, human, equipment
- exit pathway (path out): blood, exudates, excretions, secretions
- means of transmission (method of spreading):airborne, contact, droplet, vector, vehicle
- entry pathway (path in): body orifices, mucous membranes
- susceptible host (next person): elderly, newborns, acute/chronically ill, immune suppressed, unvaccinated
5 modes of transmission and examples:
- airborne: coughing and sneezing
- contact: touching and kissing
- droplet: mucous membranes
- vector: animal or insect
- vehicle: Food, water, drugs
What is the National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health?
-responsible for conducting research and making recommendations for prevention of work related injury and illnesses
What does the joint commission do?
-requires every healthcare institution to have and infection control program responsible for protecting patients, employees, visitors, and anyone doing business within the healthcare institutions from infections
What is PPE and what does it involve?
- personal protective equipment
- involves: gloves gowns and mask
How is a gown removed?
-from the inside by sliding the arms out of the sleeves. Then held away from the body and folded wit the contaminated outside surfaces ending up inside.
What is Occupational Safety and Health Administrations (OSHA)?
-mandates and enforces safe working conditions for employers
What is Bloodborne Pathogen (BBP)?
-infectious microorganisms in blood and other body fluids
What is OSHA bloodborne pathogen Standard ?
-regulations designed to protect employees with potential occupational exposure to pathogens found in blood or other body fluids or substances
What were the 4 key areas of revision of the BBP standard which changed to Needlestick Safety and Prevention Act ?
- 1) revision and updating of the exposure control plan
- 2) employee input in selecting engineering and work practice controls
- 3) modifications of definitions relating to engineering controls
- 4) New record keeping requirements
What are the BBP exposure routes ?
- 1) The skin is pierced by a contaminated needle or sharp object
- 2) Blood or other body fluid splashed into the eyes, nose, or mouth
- 3) Blood or other body fluid comes in contact with s cut, scratch or abrasion
- 4) a human bite breaks the skin
What is Environmental Protection Agency ?
- regulates the disposal of hazardous waste
What is the National Fire Protection Association ?
- regulates disinfectant products and the disposal of hazardous waste among other responsibilities associated with developing and enforcing regulations that implement environmental laws enacted by Congress
What is the OSHA Hazard Communication Standard (HazCom) ?
- requires employers to maintain documentation on all all hazardous chemicals
What are Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDS) ?
- a written document containing general information as well as precautionary and emergency information for any product with a hazardous warning on the label
What are body cavities ?
- Various organs of the body are Housed in hollow spaces
Body cavities are divided in what two groups ?
- Dorsal and Ventral
What does the Dorsal Cavity include ?
- Cranial Cavity
- Spinal Cavity
The cranial cavity houses what ?
-brain
What does the spinal cavity House ?
- encases the spinal cord
What does the Ventral Cavities include ?
- Thoracic cavity
- Abdominal Cavity
- Pelvic Cavity
What does the thoracic cavity House ?
- Heart
- Lungs
What does the abdominal cavity ?
- Stomach
- Liver
- Pancreas
- Gallbladder
- Spleen
- Kidneys
What does the Pelvic Cavity House ?
- Urinary bladder
- Reproductive Organs
How are the thoracic cavity and abdominal cavity separated ?
- a muscle called the diaphragm
What are body systems ?
- structures and organs that are related to one another and function together
What is the function of the skeletal system ?
- the framework that gives the body shape and support, protects internal organs, and with the muscular system provides movement and leverage.
- Also responsible for Calcium storage and hemopoiesis.
What are the structures of the skeletal system ?
- 206 Bones
- Joints
- Supporting connective that form the skeleton
What are flat bones ?
- Rib bones and most cranial bones
What are irregular bones ?
- Back bones (Vertebrae) and some facial bones
What are Long bones ?
- Leg (femur, tibia, fibula), Arm (humerus, radius, ulna), and hand bones (metacarpals, phalanges)
What are short bones ?
- Wrist (carpals), Ankle bones (Tarsals)
What are bones ?
- special type of dense connective tissue consisting of bone cells surrounded by hard deposits of calcium salts. They are living tissue with their own network of blood vessels, lymph vessels, and nerves
What are joints ?
- the junction or union between two or more bones.
Moveable joints have a cavity that contains viscid (sticky) colorless liquid called ?
- Synovial Fluid
Some joints have a small sac that is filled with synovial fluid called Bursa. What does it do ?
- helps ease movement over and around areas subject to friction such as joint parts or where tendons pass over bones
What does supporting connective tissue consist of ?
- fibrous connective tissue, ligaments, and a dense type of hard nonvascular connective tissue called cartilage
What is the function of the Muscular system ?
- gives the body the ability to move, maintain posture and produce heat. Also plays a role in organ function and blood circulation
What are the structures of the Muscular System ?
- includes all muscles of the body which include the three types : Cardiac, Skeletal, Smooth (visceral)
Muscle type is determined by what ?
- location, histology (microscopic) cellular characteristics, and how muscle action is controlled
What is the location, Cell Characteristics And Control Action of a Smooth Muscle ?
- location: wall of hollow organs, vessels, respiratory passageways
- Cell characteristics: nonstriated
- Control Action: Involuntary
What is the location, Cell Characteristics And Control Action of a Cardiac Muscle ?
- location: Wall of heart
- Cell characteristics: lightly striated
- Control action: Involuntary
What is the location, Cell Characteristics And Control Action of a skeletal muscle ?
- location: attached to bones
- Cell characteristics: heavily striated
- Control action: Voluntary
What is the function of the integumentary system?
- the skin and accessory structures within it form the integumentary system.
What is integument ?
-covering or skin
What is the skin and what does its function ?
- largest organ of the body
- Covers and protects the body from bacterial invasion, dehydration, and the harmful rays of the sun
Structures within the skin help regulate what ?
- body temperature
- Eliminate small amounts of wastes through sweat, receive environmental stimuli (sensation of heat, cold, touch, pain), and manufacture vitamin D from sunlight