Chapter FIVE Flashcards
What does the human body consist of?
- 30 trillion cells
- 206 bones
- 700 muscles
- approximately 5L of blood
- 25 miles of blood vessels
What are the two most important body positions to a blood drawer?
- supine
- prone
What are the body planes?
- Frontal (coronal) plane
- midsagittal (medial) plane
- Sagittal plane
- transverse plane
What is the purpose of directional terms?
To describe the relationship of an area of part or the body with respect to the rest of the body or body parts ,
Which is often paired with a term that means the opposite
Body cavities are divided into what groups?
- dorsal
- ventral
What does the cranial cavity House?
The brain
What does the spinal cavity house?
It encases the spinal cord
What does the dorsal cavity include?
- cranial cavity
- spinal cavity
What does the thoracic cavity house?
- heart
- lungs
What does the abdominal cavity house?
Organs including:
- stomach
- liver
- pancreas
- gallbladder
- spleen
- kidneys
What does the pelvic cavity house?
- urinary bladder
- reproductive organs
What does the ventral cavities include?
- thoracic cavity
- abdominal cavity
- pelvic cavity
How does the body maintain homeostasis?
-by compensating for changes in a process that involves feedback and regulation in response to internal and external changes.
What are the two primary processes of metabolism?
- catabolism
- anabolism
Human body consists of trillions of cells responsible for what ?
For all the activities of the body
Every cell has a ____
Nucleus
What are the four basic tissue types?
- connective
- epithelial
- muscle
- nerve
What are the important basic structural components of cells?
- nucleus
- chromosomes
- cytoplasm
- organelles
- mitochondria
What is the function of the nucleus?
The command center of the cell that contains the chromosomes or genetic material
What is the function of a chromosome?
Govern all cell activities, including reproduction
What is the function of a cytoplasm?
Site of numerous cellular activities
What is the function of an organelle?
Varied, distinct functions depending on the type
What is the function of a mitochondria?
Play a role in energy production
What is the function of a skeletal system?
- gives body shape and support
- protects internal organs
- with muscular system it provides movement and leverage
- also responsible for calcium storage and hemopoiesis or hematopoiesis
What does the skeletal system structure include?
- 206 bones
- joints
- supporting connective tissue that form the skeleton
Bones can be classified by shape into what four groups?
- flat
- irregular
- long
- short
What are flat bones?
Ex ;
-rib bones, and most skull (cranial) bones
What are irregular bones?
-back bones (vertebrae) and some facial bones
What are long bones?
Leg (femur, tibia, fibula), arm(humerus radius,ulna), and hand bones (metacarpals, phalanges)
What are short bones?
Wrist (carpals) and ankle bones (tarsals)
What are the disorders of the skeletal system?
- arthritis
- bursitis
- gout
- osteomyelitis
- osteochondritis
- osteoporosis
- rickets
- tumors
What are the diagnostic tests associated with the skeletal system?
- alkaline phosphatase
- Calcium
- complete blood count (CBC)
- erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR)
- phosphorus
- Synovial fluid analysis
- uric acid
- vitamin D
What are the three types of muscles in the muscular system?
- cardiac
- skeletal
- smooth
What is muscle type determined by?
Location, histologic (microscopic) cellular characteristics, and how muscle action is controlled
What are the disorders of the muscular system?
- atrophy
- muscular dystrophy
- myalgia
- tendonitis
What are the diagnostic tests associated with the muscular system?
- autoimmune antibodies
- creating phosphokinase (CPK/CK)
- CPK/CK isoenzymes
- lactic acid
- lactic dehydrogenase (LD/LDH)
- myoglobin
- electromyography
What is the location, cell characteristics, and control action of the smooth muscle?
- located: wall of hollow organs, vessels, respiratory passageways
- cell characteristics: nonstriated
- control action:involuntary
What is the location, cell characteristics, and control action of the cardiac muscle?
- Location: wall of heart
- cell characteristic: lightly striated
- control action: involuntary
What is the location, cell characteristics, and control action of the skeletal muscle?
- Location: attached to bones
- cell characteristics: heavily striated
- Control action: voluntary
Structures within the skin do what?
- help regulate body temperature
- eliminate small amounts of waste through sweat
- receive environmental stimuli (sensation of heat, cold, touch, and pain)
- manufacture vitamin D from sunlight
The structures of the integumentary system consist of what?
-consists of the skin and associated structures referred to as appendages, which include exocrine glands, hair, nails. Also includes blood vessels, nerves, sensory organs within the skin
What are the two main layers of the skin?
- epidermis
- dermis
Epidermis is made up of what?
- Stratified (layered)
- Squamous (scalelike) epithelial cells
What is the function of the hair?
Protection
What is the function of hair follicles?
Produce hair
What is the function of arrector pili?
-responsible for the formation of “goose bumps” as they react to pull he hair up straight when a person is cold or frightened
When the muscle contracts it presses on the nearby sebaceous gland, causing it to release sebum to help lubricate the hair and skin
What is the function of nails?
Protect the fingers and toes and help grasp objects
What is the function of sebaceous (oil) glands?
Sebum helps lubricate the skin and hair to keep it from drying out
What is the function of sudoriferous (sweat) glands
Produce perspiration, a mixture of water, salts, and waste
What is the only layer of the skin where mitosis (cell division) occurs?
Stratum basale/ stratum germinativum
Cells in the stratum germinativum are nourished by what ?
By diffusion of nutrients from the dermis
As the cells divide in the epidermis, what happens to them ?
They are pushed toward the surface, where they gradually die from lack of nourishment and become keratinized (hardened), which helps thicken and protect the skin.
What layer is thicker, the dermis or epidermis?
Dermis
What is the dermis composed of?
Elastic and fibrous connective tissue.
What does the dermis contain?
Blood and lymph vessels, nerves, sebaceous and sudoriferous glands, and hair follicles.