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Phlebotomy > Chapter 5 Key Terms > Flashcards

Chapter 5 Key Terms Flashcards

1
Q

Alveoli

A

Tiny air sacs in the lungs were the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide takes place

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2
Q

Anabolism

A

A constructive process by which the body converts simple compounds into complex substances needed to carry out the cellular activities of the body

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3
Q

Anatomic position

A

The position of standing erect, arms at the side, with ice and palms facing forward. When describing the direction or location of a given point of the body, medical personnel normally referred to the body as if the patient were in the anatomic position, regardless of actual body position

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4
Q

Anatomy

A

The structure of an organism, or the science of the structural composition of living organisms. In humans, the structural composition of the body.

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5
Q

Anterior

A

Pertaining to or referring to the front of the body; also called ventral

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6
Q

Avascular

A

Without blood or lymph vessels

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7
Q

Body cavities

A

Large, hollow spaces in the body that house the various organs

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8
Q

Body plane

A

A flat surface resulting from a real or imaginary cut through a body in the normal anatomic position

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9
Q

Bursae

A

Small synovial fluid-filled sacs in the vicinity of joints that ease friction between joint parts or tendons and bones

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10
Q

Cartilage

A

A type of hard, and nonvascular connective tissue

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11
Q

Catabolism

A

The process by which complex substances are broken down into simple ones, including the digestion of food

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12
Q

Diaphragm

A

The dome-shaped muscle that separates the abdominal cavity from the thoracic cavity

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13
Q

Distal

A

Farthest from the center of the body, origin, or point of attachment

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14
Q

Dorsal

A

Posterior or pertaining to the back

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15
Q

Frontal plane

A

Divides the body vertically into front and back portions; also called coronal plane

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16
Q

Gametes

A

Sex cells

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17
Q

Hemopoiesis

A

Production and development of blood cells and other formed elements, normally in the bone marrow

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18
Q

Homeostasis

A

The “steady state” (state of equilibrium or balance) of the internal environment of the body maintained through feedback and regulation in response to internal and external changes

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19
Q

Hormones

A

Powerful chemical substances that affect many body processes

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20
Q

Meninges

A

Three layers of connective tissue that enclose the spinal cavity

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21
Q

Metabolism

A

The sum of all the psychical and chemical reactions necessary to sustain life

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22
Q

Mitosis

A

A type of cell duplication that involves DNA doubling and cell division

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23
Q

Nephron

A

The microscopic functional unit of the kidneys

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24
Q

Phalanges

A

Bones of the fingers or toes

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25
Q

Physiology

A

The function of an organism, or the science of the functions of living organisms

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26
Q

Pituitary gland

A

Endocrine gland under the control of the hypothalamus that secretes hormones that control other glands, sometimes called the master gland

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27
Q

Pronation

A

The condition of being prone or the act of turning the body or body part face down

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28
Q

Prone

A

Lying face down

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29
Q

Proximal

A

Nearest to the center of the body or point of attachment

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30
Q

Sagittal plane

A

Divides the body vertically into right and left portions

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31
Q

Supination

A

The condition of being supine or the act of turning the body or body part face up

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32
Q

Supine

A

Lying on the back with the face up

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33
Q

Synovial fluid

A

Viscid (sticky) colorless fluid found in joint cavities

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34
Q

Transverse plane

A

Divides the body horizontally into equal upper and lower portions

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35
Q

Ventral cavities

A

Internal spaces located in the front

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36
Q

Midsagittal(medial) plane

A

Divides the body vertically into front and back portions

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37
Q

External (superficial)

A

On or near the surface of the body

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38
Q

Internal (deep)

A

Within or near the center of the body

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39
Q

Medial

A

Toward the midline or middle of the body

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40
Q

Lateral

A

Toward the side of the body

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41
Q

Superior (cranial)

A

Higher, or above or toward the head

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42
Q

Inferior (caudal)

A

Beneath, or lower or away from the head

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43
Q

Dorsal cavities

A

Internal spaces located in the back of the body

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44
Q

Palmar

A

Concerning the palm of the hand

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45
Q

Plantar

A

Concerning the sole of the foot

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46
Q

Cell

A

Basic structural unit of all life

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47
Q

Tissues

A

Groups of similar cells that work together to perform a special function

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48
Q

Epithelial

A

Consisting of epithelium(the a vascular layer of cells that forms the epidermis and the surface layer of mucous and serous membranes)

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49
Q

Adipose

A

Denoting fat

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50
Q

Cartilage

A

A type of hard, nonvascular connective tissue

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51
Q

Nucleus

A

Small body in the nucleus that is primarily RNA, DNA, and protein

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52
Q

Chromosomes

A

Long strands of DNA organized into units called genes, occurring in humans in 23 identical pairs (46 individual)

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53
Q

Cytoplasm

A

Substance within a cell composed of fluid (cytosol) and various organelles and inclusions

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54
Q

Organelles

A

Specialized structures within the cytoplasm

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55
Q

Mitochondria

A

Oval or rod-shaped organelles

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56
Q

Joints

A

Junction or union between two or more bones

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57
Q

Bones

A

Special type of dense connective tissue consisting of bone cells surrounded by hard deposits of calcium salts. They are living tissue with their own network of blood vessels, lymph vessels, and nerves

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58
Q

Arthritis

A

Joint disorder characterized by joint inflammation, pain, and swelling

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59
Q

Bursitis

A

Inflammation of a bursa

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60
Q

Gout

A

Joint disorder (commonly of the feet) caused by faulty uric acid metabolism

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61
Q

Osteomyelitis

A

Inflammation of the bone (especially the marrow), caused by bacterial infection

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62
Q

Osteochondritis

A

Inflammation of the bone and cartilage

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63
Q

Osteoporosis

A

Disorder involving loss of bone density

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64
Q

Rickets

A

Abnormal bone formation indirectly resulting from lack of vitamin D needed for calcium absorption

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65
Q

Tumors

A

Abnormal bone growth

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66
Q

Atrophy

A

Decrease in size (wasting) of a muscle, usually due to inactivity

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67
Q

Muscular dystrophy

A

Genetic disease in which the muscles waste away or atrophy

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68
Q

Myalgia

A

Painful muscle

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69
Q

Tendonitis

A

Inflammation of muscle tendons, usually due to overexertion

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70
Q

Integument

A

“Covering” or “skin”

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71
Q

Skin

A

The largest organ of the body, the the cover that protects the body from bacterial invasion, dehydration, and the harmful rays of the sun

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72
Q

Exocrine glands

A

Oil and sweat glands

Glands that secrete substances through ducts

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73
Q

Epidermis

A

Outermost and thinnest layer of the skin

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74
Q

Hair

A

Nonliving material primarily composed of keratin, a tough protein

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75
Q

Arrector pili

A

Tiny, smooth muscles attached to hair follicles

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76
Q

Nails

A

Nonliving keratin material that grows continuously as new cells form from the nail root

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77
Q

Connective tissue

A

Connects and support all parts of the body and includes adipose(fat) tissue, cartilage, bone, and blood

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78
Q

Muscle tissue

A

Contracts to produce movement

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79
Q

Nerve tissue

A

Has the ability to transmit electrical impulses

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80
Q

Body systems

A

Structures and organs that are related to one another and function together

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81
Q

Hemopoiesis/ hematopoiesis

A

Production of blood cells that normally occurs in the bone marrow

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82
Q

Sebaceous (oil) glands

A

Glands connected to hair follicles; called oil glands because they secrete an oily substance called sebum

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83
Q

Sudoriferous (sweat glands)

A

Coiled dermal structures with ducts that extended through the epidermis and end in a pore on the skin surface

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84
Q

Skeletal system

A

is the framework that gives the body shape and support, protects internal organs, and with the muscular system provides movement and leverage

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85
Q

Muscular system

A

Gives the body the ability to move, maintain posture, and produce heat
Plays a role in organ function and blood circulation

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86
Q

Histologic

A

Pertaining to the microscopic structure of tissue

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87
Q

Integumentary system

A

Formed by the skin and accessory structures

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88
Q

Stratified

A

Arranged in layers

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89
Q

Dermis

A

Corium or true skin; a layer composed of elastic and fibrous connective tissue

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90
Q

Subcutaneous

A

Beneath the skin

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91
Q

Squamous

A

Scalelike

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92
Q

Stratum germinativum/basale

A

Deepest layer of the epidermis

93
Q

Melanin

A

Dark pigment that colors the skin and protects it from the sun. Also found in hair and eyes

94
Q

Papillae

A

Small elevations of the dermis that indent the bottom of the epidermis and give rise to the ridges and grooves that form the fingerprints

95
Q

Papillary dermis

A

The dermal later the adjoins the epidermis

96
Q

Acne

A

Inflammatory disease of the sebaceous gland and hair follicles.

97
Q

Cancer

A

Basal cell, squamous, melanoma

98
Q

Dermatitis

A

Skin inflammation

99
Q

Fungal infections

A

Including tinea and ringworm

100
Q

Herpes

A

Including cold sore and viral infection

101
Q

Impetigo

A

Staph or strep infection

102
Q

Keloid

A

Fibrous tissue growth at a scar area

103
Q

Pediculosis

A

Lice infestation

104
Q

Pruritus

A

Itching

105
Q

Psoriasis

A

Chronic skin condition of unknown origin characterized by clearly defined red patches of scaly skin

106
Q

Keratinized

A

Hardened

107
Q

The nervous system

A

Controls and coordinates activities of the various body systems by means of electrical impulses and chemical substances sent to and received from all parts of the body

108
Q

Neurons

A

Fundamental working unit of the nervous system
Highly complex cells that are capable of conducting messages in the form of impulses that enable the body to interact with its internal and external environment

109
Q

Central nervous system (CNS)

A

The brain and spinal cord

110
Q

Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)

A

Clear, colorless liquid that circulates within the cavities surrounding the brain and spinal cord; it has many of the same components as plasma

111
Q

Lumbar (spinal) puncture

A

Procedure in which a physician inserts a special needle into the spinal cavity to extract spinal fluid

112
Q

Dendrites

A

Structures that carry messages to the nerve cell body

113
Q

Axons

A

Threadlike fibers that carry messages away from the nerve cell body

114
Q

Peripheral nervous system (PNS)

A

All the nerves that connect the CNS to every part of the body

115
Q

Motor or efferent nerves

A

Nerves that carry impulses away from the CNS

116
Q

Sensory or afferent nerves

A

Nerves that carry impulses to CNS

117
Q

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis

A

a disease involving muscle weakness and atrophy due to degeneration of portions of the brain and spinal cord

118
Q

Encephalitis

A

Inflammation of the brain

119
Q

Epilepsy

A

Recurrent pattern of seizures

120
Q

Hydrocephalus

A

Accumulation of cerebrospinal fluid in the brain

121
Q

Meningitis

A

Inflammation of the membranes of the spinal cord or brain

122
Q

Multiple sclerosis

A

Disease causing destruction of myelin sheath (fatlike covering) of the nerves of the brain

123
Q

Neuralgia

A

Severe pain along a nerve

124
Q

Parkinson’s disease

A

Chronic nervous disease characterized by fine muscle tremors and muscle weakness

125
Q

Shingles

A

Acute eruption of herpes blisters along the course of a peripheral nerve

126
Q

Endocrine system

A

Consists of a ductless glands that secrete substances called hormones directly into the bloodstream

127
Q

Endocrine

A

Refers to a gland that secretes directly into the bloodstream

128
Q

Hormones

A

Powerful chemical substances that affect many body processes

129
Q

Pituitary glands

A

Endocrine gland under the control of the hypothalamus that secrete hormones that controls other glands ; sometimes called the master gland

130
Q

Hypersecretion

A

Secreting too much

131
Q

Hyposecretion

A

Secreting too little

132
Q

Acromegaly

A

Overgrowth of the bones on the hands, feet, and face caused by excessive GH in adulthood

133
Q

Diabetes insipidus

A

Condition characterized by increased thirst and increased iron production caused by inadequate secretion of ADH, also called vasopressin

134
Q

Dwarfism

A

Condition of being abnormally small, one cause of which is growth hormone (GH) deficiency in infancy

135
Q

Congenital hypothyroidism

A

Insufficient thyroid activity in a newborn, from either a genetic deficient or maternal factors such as a lack of dietary iron during pregnancy

136
Q

Cretinism

A

Severe untreated congenital hypothyroidism in which the development of the child is impaired, resulting in a short, disproportionate body, thick tongue and neck, and mental handicap

137
Q

Goiter

A

Enlargement of the thyroid gland

138
Q

Hyperthyroidism

Graves’ disease

A

Condition characterized by wight loss, nervousness, and protruding eyeballs, due to an increased metabolic rate caused by excessive secretion of the thyroid gland

139
Q

Myxedema

A

Condition characterized by anemia, slow speech, mental apathy, drowsiness, and sensitivity to cold, relating from decreased functioning of the thyroid gland

140
Q

Addison’s disease

A

Condition characterized by weight loss, dehydration, and hypotension (abnormally low blood pressure) caused by decreased glucose and sodium levels due to hyposecretion of the adrenal glands

141
Q

Aldosteronism

A

Condition characterized by hypertension (high blood pressure) and edema caused by excessive sodium and water retention due to hypersecretion of aldosterone

142
Q

Cushing’s syndrome

A

Condition characterized by a swollen, “moon-shaped” face and redistribution of fat to the abdomen and back of the neck caused by an excess of cortisone

143
Q

Diabetes mellitus

A

Condition in which there is impaired carbohydrate,fat, and protein metabolism due to a deficiency of insulin

144
Q

Diabetes mellitus type I or insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus
(IDDM)

A

Type of diabetes in which the body is totally unable to produce insulin. This type is often called juvenile-onset diabetes because it usually appears before 25 years of age

145
Q

Diabetes mellitus type II or non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus
NIDDM

A

Type of diabetes in which the body is able to produce insulin, but either the amount produced is insufficient or there is impaired use of insulin produced. This type of diabetes occurs predominately in adults.

146
Q

Hyperglycemia

A

Increased blood sugar that often precedes diabetic coma if not treated

147
Q

Hyperinsulinism

A

Too much insulin in the blood due to excessive secretion of insulin or an overdose of insulin (insulin shock)

148
Q

Hypoglycemia

A

Abnormally low glucose (blood sugar) often due to hyperinsulinism

149
Q

Vasopressin

A

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

149
Q

Gigantism

A

Excessive development of the body or of a body part due to excessive GH

150
Q

Hypothyroidism

A

Condition characterized by weight gain and lethargy due to a decreased metabolic rate caused by decreased thyroid secretion

151
Q

Gastrointestinal (GI) tract

A

The passageway that extends from the mouth to the anus through the pharynx, esophagus, stomach, and small and large intestines

152
Q

Pharynx

A

A funnel-shaped passageway that receives food from the mouth and delivers it to the esophagus and air from the nose and carries it into the larynx

153
Q

Esophagus

A

Tube that carries food and liquid from the throat to the stomach

154
Q

Salivary glands

A

Secrete saliva, which moistens food and contains enzymes that begin starch digestion

155
Q

Liver

A

Accessory organ of the digestive system that stores glycogen, detoxifies harmful substances,secretes bile, and breaks down protein

156
Q

Pancreas

A

An accessory organ to the digestive system that secretes hormones and produces digestive enzymes

157
Q

Gallbladder

A

Accessory organ to the digestive system

158
Q

Amylase

A

Enzyme found chiefly in saliva and pancreatic fluid, that converts starch in glycogen into simple sugars

159
Q

Lipase

A

Digestive enzyme secreted by the pancreas

160
Q

Trypsin

A

Digestive enzyme

161
Q

Appendicitis

A

Inflammation of the appendix

162
Q

Cholecystitis

A

Inflammation of the gallbladder

163
Q

Colitis

A

Inflammation of the colon

164
Q

Diverticulosis

A

Pouches in the walls of the colon

165
Q

Gastritis

A

Inflammation of the stomach lining

166
Q

Gastroenteritis

A

Inflammation of the stomach and intestinal tract

167
Q

Hepatitis

A

Inflammation of the liver

168
Q

Pancreatitis

A

Inflammation of the pancreas

169
Q

Peritonitis

A

Inflammation of the abdominal cavity lining

170
Q

Ulcer

A

Open sore or lesion

171
Q

Reproductive system

A

Produces the gametes, sex or germ cells, that’s are needed to form a new human being.

172
Q

Sex or germ cells

A

Gametes or sex cells

173
Q

Spermatozoa

A

Make gametes or sex cells; sperm

174
Q

Ova

A

Eggs; female gametes

175
Q

Ovum

A

Female gamers or sex cell

176
Q

Gonads

A

Glands that manufacture and store gametes and produce hormones that regulate the reproductive process

177
Q

Cervical cancer

A

Cancer of the cervix

178
Q

Infertility

A

A lower Han normal ability to produce

179
Q

Ovarian cancer

A

Cancer of the ovaries

180
Q

Ovarian cyst

A

A usually nonmalignant growth in an ovary

181
Q

Prostate cancer

A

Cancer of the prostate gland

182
Q

Sexually transmitted disease (STD)

A

Diseases such as syphilis, gonorrhea, and genital herpes, which are usually transmitted by sexual contact

183
Q

Uterine cancer

A

Cancer of the uterus

184
Q

Urinary system

A

Filters waste products from the blood and eliminates them from the body

185
Q

Kidneys

A

Organs that form and excrete urine

186
Q

Ureters

A

Ducts (tubes) that carry urine from the kidneys to the urinary bladder

187
Q

Urinary bladder

A

A muscular sac that serves as a reservoir for urine

188
Q

Urethra

A

Ducts (tubes) through which urine is voided from the urinary bladder

189
Q

Glomerulus

A

A tuft if capillaries that filter water and dissolved substances including wastes from the blood

190
Q

Cystitis

A

Bladder inflammation

191
Q

Kidney stones

A

Uric acid, calcium phosphate, or oxalate stones in the kidneys, ureter, or bladder

192
Q

Nephritis

A

Inflammation of the kidneys

193
Q

Renal failure

A

Sudden, severe impairment or renal function

194
Q

Uremia

A

Impaired kidney function with s buildup of waste products in the blood

195
Q

Urinary tract infection (UTI)

A

Infection involving the organs or ducts of the urinary system

196
Q

External respiration

A

Exchange of respiratory gases in the lungs

197
Q

Internal respiration

A

Exchange of respiratory gases between the blood and cells in the tissues

198
Q

Oxyhemoglobin

A

Oxygen combined with hemoglobin

199
Q

Carbaminohemoglobin

A

Carbon dioxide combined with hemoglobin

200
Q

Bicarbonate ion (HCO3-)

A

An ion that plays role in transporting carbon dioxide in the blood to the lungs and in regulating blood pH. HCO3- is formed in the red blood cells and plasma from CO2

201
Q

Partial pressured oxygen (PO2)

A

A measure of the pressure exerted by dissolved O2 in the blood plasma

202
Q

Partial pressure of carbon dioxide (PCO2)

A

A measure of the pressure exerted by dissolved CO2 in the blood

203
Q

Acidosis

A

A dangerous condition in which the pH of the blood is abnormally low (acidic)

204
Q

Alkalosis

A

A dangerous condition in which the pH of the blood is abnormally high (alkaline)

205
Q

Larynx

A

The enlarged upper end of the trachea that houses the vocal cords, the end of which mark the division between the upper and lower respiratory tract

206
Q

Trachea

A

A tube hat extends from the larynx into the upper part of the chest and carries air to the lungs

207
Q

Bronchi

A

Two airways that branch off the lower end of the trachea and lead into the lungs; one branch each into the left and right lungs, where they subdivide into secondary honcho that divide into smaller and smaller branches

208
Q

Lungs

A

Organs that house the bronchial branches and the alveoli where gas exchange takes place

209
Q

Pleura

A

Layer of thin membrane that encases the lungs

210
Q

Pleural space

A

A small space between the layers of the pleurae of the lungs

211
Q

Surfactant

A

substance that coasts the walls of the alveoli, lowering the surface tension and helping to keep them inflated

212
Q

Apnea

A

A temporary cessation of breathing

213
Q

Asthma

A

Difficulty in breathing accompanied by wheezing caused by spasm or swelling of the bronchial tubes

214
Q

Bronchitis

A

Inflammation of the mucous membrane of the bronchial tubes

215
Q

Cystic fibrosis

A

Genetic endocrine disease causing excess production of mucus

216
Q

Dyspnea

A

Difficult or labored breathing

217
Q

Emphysema

A

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)

218
Q

Hypoxia

A

Deficiency of oxygen

219
Q

Infant respiratory distress syndrome (IRDS)

A

Severe impairment or respiratory function in the newborn due to a lack of a substance called surfactant in the baby’s lungs

220
Q

Pleurisy

A

Inflammation of the pleural membrane

221
Q

Pneumonia

A

Inflammation of the lungs

222
Q

Pulmonary edema

A

Accumulation of the fluid in the lungs

223
Q

Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV)

A

Virus that is a major cause of respiratory distress in infants and children

224
Q

Rhinitis

A

Inflammation of the nasal mucous membranes

225
Q

Tonsillitis

A

Infection of the tonsils

226
Q

Tuberculosis

A

Infectious disease affecting affecting the respiratory system caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis

227
Q

Upper respiratory infection (URI)

A

Infection of the nose, throat, larynx, or upper trachea such as that caused by a cold virus

228
Q

Organs

A

Structures composed of tissues that function together for a common purpose

Phlebotomy (15 decks)

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