Chapter 5 Key Terms Flashcards
Alveoli
Tiny air sacs in the lungs were the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide takes place
Anabolism
A constructive process by which the body converts simple compounds into complex substances needed to carry out the cellular activities of the body
Anatomic position
The position of standing erect, arms at the side, with ice and palms facing forward. When describing the direction or location of a given point of the body, medical personnel normally referred to the body as if the patient were in the anatomic position, regardless of actual body position
Anatomy
The structure of an organism, or the science of the structural composition of living organisms. In humans, the structural composition of the body.
Anterior
Pertaining to or referring to the front of the body; also called ventral
Avascular
Without blood or lymph vessels
Body cavities
Large, hollow spaces in the body that house the various organs
Body plane
A flat surface resulting from a real or imaginary cut through a body in the normal anatomic position
Bursae
Small synovial fluid-filled sacs in the vicinity of joints that ease friction between joint parts or tendons and bones
Cartilage
A type of hard, and nonvascular connective tissue
Catabolism
The process by which complex substances are broken down into simple ones, including the digestion of food
Diaphragm
The dome-shaped muscle that separates the abdominal cavity from the thoracic cavity
Distal
Farthest from the center of the body, origin, or point of attachment
Dorsal
Posterior or pertaining to the back
Frontal plane
Divides the body vertically into front and back portions; also called coronal plane
Gametes
Sex cells
Hemopoiesis
Production and development of blood cells and other formed elements, normally in the bone marrow
Homeostasis
The “steady state” (state of equilibrium or balance) of the internal environment of the body maintained through feedback and regulation in response to internal and external changes
Hormones
Powerful chemical substances that affect many body processes
Meninges
Three layers of connective tissue that enclose the spinal cavity
Metabolism
The sum of all the psychical and chemical reactions necessary to sustain life
Mitosis
A type of cell duplication that involves DNA doubling and cell division
Nephron
The microscopic functional unit of the kidneys
Phalanges
Bones of the fingers or toes
Physiology
The function of an organism, or the science of the functions of living organisms
Pituitary gland
Endocrine gland under the control of the hypothalamus that secretes hormones that control other glands, sometimes called the master gland
Pronation
The condition of being prone or the act of turning the body or body part face down
Prone
Lying face down
Proximal
Nearest to the center of the body or point of attachment
Sagittal plane
Divides the body vertically into right and left portions
Supination
The condition of being supine or the act of turning the body or body part face up
Supine
Lying on the back with the face up
Synovial fluid
Viscid (sticky) colorless fluid found in joint cavities
Transverse plane
Divides the body horizontally into equal upper and lower portions
Ventral cavities
Internal spaces located in the front
Midsagittal(medial) plane
Divides the body vertically into front and back portions
External (superficial)
On or near the surface of the body
Internal (deep)
Within or near the center of the body
Medial
Toward the midline or middle of the body
Lateral
Toward the side of the body
Superior (cranial)
Higher, or above or toward the head
Inferior (caudal)
Beneath, or lower or away from the head
Dorsal cavities
Internal spaces located in the back of the body
Palmar
Concerning the palm of the hand
Plantar
Concerning the sole of the foot
Cell
Basic structural unit of all life
Tissues
Groups of similar cells that work together to perform a special function
Epithelial
Consisting of epithelium(the a vascular layer of cells that forms the epidermis and the surface layer of mucous and serous membranes)
Adipose
Denoting fat
Cartilage
A type of hard, nonvascular connective tissue
Nucleus
Small body in the nucleus that is primarily RNA, DNA, and protein
Chromosomes
Long strands of DNA organized into units called genes, occurring in humans in 23 identical pairs (46 individual)
Cytoplasm
Substance within a cell composed of fluid (cytosol) and various organelles and inclusions
Organelles
Specialized structures within the cytoplasm
Mitochondria
Oval or rod-shaped organelles
Joints
Junction or union between two or more bones
Bones
Special type of dense connective tissue consisting of bone cells surrounded by hard deposits of calcium salts. They are living tissue with their own network of blood vessels, lymph vessels, and nerves
Arthritis
Joint disorder characterized by joint inflammation, pain, and swelling
Bursitis
Inflammation of a bursa
Gout
Joint disorder (commonly of the feet) caused by faulty uric acid metabolism
Osteomyelitis
Inflammation of the bone (especially the marrow), caused by bacterial infection
Osteochondritis
Inflammation of the bone and cartilage
Osteoporosis
Disorder involving loss of bone density
Rickets
Abnormal bone formation indirectly resulting from lack of vitamin D needed for calcium absorption
Tumors
Abnormal bone growth
Atrophy
Decrease in size (wasting) of a muscle, usually due to inactivity
Muscular dystrophy
Genetic disease in which the muscles waste away or atrophy
Myalgia
Painful muscle
Tendonitis
Inflammation of muscle tendons, usually due to overexertion
Integument
“Covering” or “skin”
Skin
The largest organ of the body, the the cover that protects the body from bacterial invasion, dehydration, and the harmful rays of the sun
Exocrine glands
Oil and sweat glands
Glands that secrete substances through ducts
Epidermis
Outermost and thinnest layer of the skin
Hair
Nonliving material primarily composed of keratin, a tough protein
Arrector pili
Tiny, smooth muscles attached to hair follicles
Nails
Nonliving keratin material that grows continuously as new cells form from the nail root
Connective tissue
Connects and support all parts of the body and includes adipose(fat) tissue, cartilage, bone, and blood
Muscle tissue
Contracts to produce movement
Nerve tissue
Has the ability to transmit electrical impulses
Body systems
Structures and organs that are related to one another and function together
Hemopoiesis/ hematopoiesis
Production of blood cells that normally occurs in the bone marrow
Sebaceous (oil) glands
Glands connected to hair follicles; called oil glands because they secrete an oily substance called sebum
Sudoriferous (sweat glands)
Coiled dermal structures with ducts that extended through the epidermis and end in a pore on the skin surface
Skeletal system
is the framework that gives the body shape and support, protects internal organs, and with the muscular system provides movement and leverage
Muscular system
Gives the body the ability to move, maintain posture, and produce heat
Plays a role in organ function and blood circulation
Histologic
Pertaining to the microscopic structure of tissue
Integumentary system
Formed by the skin and accessory structures
Stratified
Arranged in layers
Dermis
Corium or true skin; a layer composed of elastic and fibrous connective tissue
Subcutaneous
Beneath the skin
Squamous
Scalelike
Stratum germinativum/basale
Deepest layer of the epidermis
Melanin
Dark pigment that colors the skin and protects it from the sun. Also found in hair and eyes
Papillae
Small elevations of the dermis that indent the bottom of the epidermis and give rise to the ridges and grooves that form the fingerprints
Papillary dermis
The dermal later the adjoins the epidermis
Acne
Inflammatory disease of the sebaceous gland and hair follicles.
Cancer
Basal cell, squamous, melanoma
Dermatitis
Skin inflammation
Fungal infections
Including tinea and ringworm
Herpes
Including cold sore and viral infection
Impetigo
Staph or strep infection
Keloid
Fibrous tissue growth at a scar area
Pediculosis
Lice infestation
Pruritus
Itching
Psoriasis
Chronic skin condition of unknown origin characterized by clearly defined red patches of scaly skin
Keratinized
Hardened
The nervous system
Controls and coordinates activities of the various body systems by means of electrical impulses and chemical substances sent to and received from all parts of the body
Neurons
Fundamental working unit of the nervous system
Highly complex cells that are capable of conducting messages in the form of impulses that enable the body to interact with its internal and external environment
Central nervous system (CNS)
The brain and spinal cord
Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)
Clear, colorless liquid that circulates within the cavities surrounding the brain and spinal cord; it has many of the same components as plasma
Lumbar (spinal) puncture
Procedure in which a physician inserts a special needle into the spinal cavity to extract spinal fluid
Dendrites
Structures that carry messages to the nerve cell body
Axons
Threadlike fibers that carry messages away from the nerve cell body
Peripheral nervous system (PNS)
All the nerves that connect the CNS to every part of the body
Motor or efferent nerves
Nerves that carry impulses away from the CNS
Sensory or afferent nerves
Nerves that carry impulses to CNS
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
a disease involving muscle weakness and atrophy due to degeneration of portions of the brain and spinal cord
Encephalitis
Inflammation of the brain
Epilepsy
Recurrent pattern of seizures
Hydrocephalus
Accumulation of cerebrospinal fluid in the brain
Meningitis
Inflammation of the membranes of the spinal cord or brain
Multiple sclerosis
Disease causing destruction of myelin sheath (fatlike covering) of the nerves of the brain
Neuralgia
Severe pain along a nerve
Parkinson’s disease
Chronic nervous disease characterized by fine muscle tremors and muscle weakness
Shingles
Acute eruption of herpes blisters along the course of a peripheral nerve
Endocrine system
Consists of a ductless glands that secrete substances called hormones directly into the bloodstream
Endocrine
Refers to a gland that secretes directly into the bloodstream
Hormones
Powerful chemical substances that affect many body processes
Pituitary glands
Endocrine gland under the control of the hypothalamus that secrete hormones that controls other glands ; sometimes called the master gland
Hypersecretion
Secreting too much
Hyposecretion
Secreting too little
Acromegaly
Overgrowth of the bones on the hands, feet, and face caused by excessive GH in adulthood
Diabetes insipidus
Condition characterized by increased thirst and increased iron production caused by inadequate secretion of ADH, also called vasopressin
Dwarfism
Condition of being abnormally small, one cause of which is growth hormone (GH) deficiency in infancy
Congenital hypothyroidism
Insufficient thyroid activity in a newborn, from either a genetic deficient or maternal factors such as a lack of dietary iron during pregnancy
Cretinism
Severe untreated congenital hypothyroidism in which the development of the child is impaired, resulting in a short, disproportionate body, thick tongue and neck, and mental handicap
Goiter
Enlargement of the thyroid gland
Hyperthyroidism
Graves’ disease
Condition characterized by wight loss, nervousness, and protruding eyeballs, due to an increased metabolic rate caused by excessive secretion of the thyroid gland
Myxedema
Condition characterized by anemia, slow speech, mental apathy, drowsiness, and sensitivity to cold, relating from decreased functioning of the thyroid gland
Addison’s disease
Condition characterized by weight loss, dehydration, and hypotension (abnormally low blood pressure) caused by decreased glucose and sodium levels due to hyposecretion of the adrenal glands
Aldosteronism
Condition characterized by hypertension (high blood pressure) and edema caused by excessive sodium and water retention due to hypersecretion of aldosterone
Cushing’s syndrome
Condition characterized by a swollen, “moon-shaped” face and redistribution of fat to the abdomen and back of the neck caused by an excess of cortisone
Diabetes mellitus
Condition in which there is impaired carbohydrate,fat, and protein metabolism due to a deficiency of insulin
Diabetes mellitus type I or insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus
(IDDM)
Type of diabetes in which the body is totally unable to produce insulin. This type is often called juvenile-onset diabetes because it usually appears before 25 years of age
Diabetes mellitus type II or non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus
NIDDM
Type of diabetes in which the body is able to produce insulin, but either the amount produced is insufficient or there is impaired use of insulin produced. This type of diabetes occurs predominately in adults.
Hyperglycemia
Increased blood sugar that often precedes diabetic coma if not treated
Hyperinsulinism
Too much insulin in the blood due to excessive secretion of insulin or an overdose of insulin (insulin shock)
Hypoglycemia
Abnormally low glucose (blood sugar) often due to hyperinsulinism
Vasopressin
Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
Gigantism
Excessive development of the body or of a body part due to excessive GH
Hypothyroidism
Condition characterized by weight gain and lethargy due to a decreased metabolic rate caused by decreased thyroid secretion
Gastrointestinal (GI) tract
The passageway that extends from the mouth to the anus through the pharynx, esophagus, stomach, and small and large intestines
Pharynx
A funnel-shaped passageway that receives food from the mouth and delivers it to the esophagus and air from the nose and carries it into the larynx
Esophagus
Tube that carries food and liquid from the throat to the stomach
Salivary glands
Secrete saliva, which moistens food and contains enzymes that begin starch digestion
Liver
Accessory organ of the digestive system that stores glycogen, detoxifies harmful substances,secretes bile, and breaks down protein
Pancreas
An accessory organ to the digestive system that secretes hormones and produces digestive enzymes
Gallbladder
Accessory organ to the digestive system
Amylase
Enzyme found chiefly in saliva and pancreatic fluid, that converts starch in glycogen into simple sugars
Lipase
Digestive enzyme secreted by the pancreas
Trypsin
Digestive enzyme
Appendicitis
Inflammation of the appendix
Cholecystitis
Inflammation of the gallbladder
Colitis
Inflammation of the colon
Diverticulosis
Pouches in the walls of the colon
Gastritis
Inflammation of the stomach lining
Gastroenteritis
Inflammation of the stomach and intestinal tract
Hepatitis
Inflammation of the liver
Pancreatitis
Inflammation of the pancreas
Peritonitis
Inflammation of the abdominal cavity lining
Ulcer
Open sore or lesion
Reproductive system
Produces the gametes, sex or germ cells, that’s are needed to form a new human being.
Sex or germ cells
Gametes or sex cells
Spermatozoa
Make gametes or sex cells; sperm
Ova
Eggs; female gametes
Ovum
Female gamers or sex cell
Gonads
Glands that manufacture and store gametes and produce hormones that regulate the reproductive process
Cervical cancer
Cancer of the cervix
Infertility
A lower Han normal ability to produce
Ovarian cancer
Cancer of the ovaries
Ovarian cyst
A usually nonmalignant growth in an ovary
Prostate cancer
Cancer of the prostate gland
Sexually transmitted disease (STD)
Diseases such as syphilis, gonorrhea, and genital herpes, which are usually transmitted by sexual contact
Uterine cancer
Cancer of the uterus
Urinary system
Filters waste products from the blood and eliminates them from the body
Kidneys
Organs that form and excrete urine
Ureters
Ducts (tubes) that carry urine from the kidneys to the urinary bladder
Urinary bladder
A muscular sac that serves as a reservoir for urine
Urethra
Ducts (tubes) through which urine is voided from the urinary bladder
Glomerulus
A tuft if capillaries that filter water and dissolved substances including wastes from the blood
Cystitis
Bladder inflammation
Kidney stones
Uric acid, calcium phosphate, or oxalate stones in the kidneys, ureter, or bladder
Nephritis
Inflammation of the kidneys
Renal failure
Sudden, severe impairment or renal function
Uremia
Impaired kidney function with s buildup of waste products in the blood
Urinary tract infection (UTI)
Infection involving the organs or ducts of the urinary system
External respiration
Exchange of respiratory gases in the lungs
Internal respiration
Exchange of respiratory gases between the blood and cells in the tissues
Oxyhemoglobin
Oxygen combined with hemoglobin
Carbaminohemoglobin
Carbon dioxide combined with hemoglobin
Bicarbonate ion (HCO3-)
An ion that plays role in transporting carbon dioxide in the blood to the lungs and in regulating blood pH. HCO3- is formed in the red blood cells and plasma from CO2
Partial pressured oxygen (PO2)
A measure of the pressure exerted by dissolved O2 in the blood plasma
Partial pressure of carbon dioxide (PCO2)
A measure of the pressure exerted by dissolved CO2 in the blood
Acidosis
A dangerous condition in which the pH of the blood is abnormally low (acidic)
Alkalosis
A dangerous condition in which the pH of the blood is abnormally high (alkaline)
Larynx
The enlarged upper end of the trachea that houses the vocal cords, the end of which mark the division between the upper and lower respiratory tract
Trachea
A tube hat extends from the larynx into the upper part of the chest and carries air to the lungs
Bronchi
Two airways that branch off the lower end of the trachea and lead into the lungs; one branch each into the left and right lungs, where they subdivide into secondary honcho that divide into smaller and smaller branches
Lungs
Organs that house the bronchial branches and the alveoli where gas exchange takes place
Pleura
Layer of thin membrane that encases the lungs
Pleural space
A small space between the layers of the pleurae of the lungs
Surfactant
substance that coasts the walls of the alveoli, lowering the surface tension and helping to keep them inflated
Apnea
A temporary cessation of breathing
Asthma
Difficulty in breathing accompanied by wheezing caused by spasm or swelling of the bronchial tubes
Bronchitis
Inflammation of the mucous membrane of the bronchial tubes
Cystic fibrosis
Genetic endocrine disease causing excess production of mucus
Dyspnea
Difficult or labored breathing
Emphysema
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)
Hypoxia
Deficiency of oxygen
Infant respiratory distress syndrome (IRDS)
Severe impairment or respiratory function in the newborn due to a lack of a substance called surfactant in the baby’s lungs
Pleurisy
Inflammation of the pleural membrane
Pneumonia
Inflammation of the lungs
Pulmonary edema
Accumulation of the fluid in the lungs
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV)
Virus that is a major cause of respiratory distress in infants and children
Rhinitis
Inflammation of the nasal mucous membranes
Tonsillitis
Infection of the tonsils
Tuberculosis
Infectious disease affecting affecting the respiratory system caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis
Upper respiratory infection (URI)
Infection of the nose, throat, larynx, or upper trachea such as that caused by a cold virus
Organs
Structures composed of tissues that function together for a common purpose
