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Psychology- Schmitt > Midterm > Flashcards

Midterm Flashcards

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1
Q

science that studies behavior and mental processes of organisms

A

psychology

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2
Q

3 reasons that psychology is considered a science

A

empirical
objective
scientific method

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3
Q

what field did psychology grow out of

A

philosophy

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4
Q

what makes psychology unique from other soft/social/behavior sciences

A

focuses on the individual

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5
Q

who founded the first psychological research lab in 1879

A

wilhelm wundt

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6
Q

which is the largest sub field of psychology

A

clinical

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7
Q

studies, assesses and treats people with psychological disorders

A

clinical

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8
Q

design and conduct research (often within a specific area/ subfield)

A

experimental

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9
Q

assist people with problems in living

A

counseling

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10
Q

scientific study of how we think about, influence, and relate to one another; interested in our interactions with others

A

social

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11
Q

study of individuals characteristic pattern of thinking, feeling and acting

A

personality

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12
Q

involved in the assessment of and intervention for children in educational settings

A

school

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13
Q

studies physical, cognitive and social change throughout the life span

A

developmental

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14
Q

apply psychological concepts and methods to optimizing human behavior in the workplace

A

industrial/ organizational

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15
Q

where are most psycho gusts employed

A

colleges and universities

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16
Q

observe and record behavior in natural environments

unobtrusive

A

naturalistic observation

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17
Q

obtain objective descriptions of background forces that may have influenced an individuals development

A

case studies

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18
Q

senses of questions to collect info about subjects

A

surveys

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19
Q

formal sample of persons behavior

A

psychological tests

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20
Q

MD
psych disorders
drugs

A

psychiatrists

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21
Q

PHD
subfields
no drugs

A

psychologists

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22
Q

possible explanation of events to be tested (if… then)

A

hypothesis

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23
Q

experimental factor that is manipulated

A

independent variable

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24
Q

unwanted effect on DV may be confused with IV

A

confounding variable

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25
Q

group of subjects exposed to experimental condition

A

experimental group

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26
Q

comparison group of subjects who are not exposed to the experimental condition

A

control group

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27
Q

subjects respond to almost any change

A

hawthorne effect

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28
Q

tendency of subjects to behave in accordance with experimenter expectancy

A

self fulfilling prophecy

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29
Q

nature

identical are more psychologically similar (same genetic makeup)

A

twin studies

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30
Q

nature

more similar to biological than adoptive parents

A

adoption studies

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31
Q

study 1 group of subjects over a considerable amount of time

A

longitudinal method

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32
Q

many age groups of subjects (cohorts)

study at same time

A

cross sectional method

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33
Q

concept or framework that acquires and interprets information mental model

A

schema

34
Q

awareness that objects continue to exist even when they are not perceived

A

object permanence

35
Q

imagining an action and mentally reversing it

A

operations

36
Q

pre operational child’s difficulty taking another’s point of view

A

egocentricm

37
Q

grasping concrete analogies

A

conservation

38
Q

need to develop sense of security (social attachment)

A

trust vs mistrust

39
Q

independence

A

autonomy vs shame and doubt

40
Q

spontaneous but social

A

initiative vs guilt

41
Q

self confidence and competency

A

industry vs inferiority

42
Q

adolescence (values)

A

identity vs role confusion

43
Q

personal relationships

A

intimacy vs isolation

44
Q

concerned with others

A

generativity vs stagnation

45
Q

presented moral dilemmas to people of different ages

lawrence kohlberg

A

moral development

46
Q

knowledge or skills

A

learning

47
Q

response to an inherent stimulus

A

reflex

48
Q

unlearned behaviors

A

instinct

49
Q

sequential unfolding of inherited pre dispositions (walking)

A

maturation

50
Q

form of learning in which a neutral stimulus comes to elicit a response

A

classical conditioning

51
Q

who discovered classical conditioning

A

pavlov

52
Q

john watson’s experiment

A

little albert

53
Q

learning by making mistakes, until you find the correct solution

A

trial and error

54
Q

who discovered trial and error

A

thorndike

55
Q

strengthening of SR relationship by following the response with reinforcement

A

operant conditioning

56
Q

who discovered operant conditioning

A

skinner

57
Q

reward

A

positive reinforcement

58
Q

removes negative outcome

A

negative reinforcement

59
Q

penalty

A

punishment

60
Q

EC tolman

learning that occurs without the reinforcement of overt behavior

A

latent learning and cognitive maps

61
Q

wolfgang kohler

relatively sudden perception of relationships that results in the prompt solution of a problem

A

insight

62
Q

albert bandura

maintained that new behavior is learned primarily through observation and imitation

A

social learning theory

63
Q

effect if previous learning on later learning
earlier learning improved later learning
earlier learning makes it harder to learn now

A

transfer

64
Q

most learners have a preference

one of the senses

A

sense modality involved

65
Q

practiced together vs separate sessions

A

massed vs distributed practice

66
Q

studying material beyond point of initial mastery

A

overlearning

67
Q

artificial aids to learn

A

mnemonic devices

68
Q

weak theory

forgetting occurs bc memory naturally fades over time

A

decay theory

69
Q

new memories interfere with ability to remember old memories

A

retroactive

70
Q

old memories interfere with the ability to remember new memories

A

proactive

71
Q

unconscious process by which emotionally threatening experiences are unavailable to recall

A

repression

72
Q

interruption or distortion of the biochemical memory process

A

ECT

73
Q

most closely associated with memory storage
master regulator
gatekeeper

A

hippocampus

74
Q

imagination or original ideas

A

creativity

75
Q

thought process by which you overcome obstacles to reach a goal

A

problem solving

76
Q

mental picture we have if something

A

thinking

77
Q

purposeful mental manipulation of words and images

A

concept

78
Q

formal system of communication involving symbols and rules for combining them

A

language

79
Q

certain time during development when an individual can learn a specific behavior most

A

critical period

80
Q

what does genie reveal about language development

A

had trouble learning a language

81
Q

language is acquired solely through the process of learning
imitation- bandura
reinforcement- skinner

A

learning theory

82
Q

noam chomsky

maintains that infants are born with a predisposition to develop language

A

biologically predetermined theory

Psychology- Schmitt (9 decks)

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