Midterm Flashcards
science that studies behavior and mental processes of organisms
psychology
3 reasons that psychology is considered a science
empirical
objective
scientific method
what field did psychology grow out of
philosophy
what makes psychology unique from other soft/social/behavior sciences
focuses on the individual
who founded the first psychological research lab in 1879
wilhelm wundt
which is the largest sub field of psychology
clinical
studies, assesses and treats people with psychological disorders
clinical
design and conduct research (often within a specific area/ subfield)
experimental
assist people with problems in living
counseling
scientific study of how we think about, influence, and relate to one another; interested in our interactions with others
social
study of individuals characteristic pattern of thinking, feeling and acting
personality
involved in the assessment of and intervention for children in educational settings
school
studies physical, cognitive and social change throughout the life span
developmental
apply psychological concepts and methods to optimizing human behavior in the workplace
industrial/ organizational
where are most psycho gusts employed
colleges and universities
observe and record behavior in natural environments
unobtrusive
naturalistic observation
obtain objective descriptions of background forces that may have influenced an individuals development
case studies
senses of questions to collect info about subjects
surveys
formal sample of persons behavior
psychological tests
MD
psych disorders
drugs
psychiatrists
PHD
subfields
no drugs
psychologists
possible explanation of events to be tested (if… then)
hypothesis
experimental factor that is manipulated
independent variable
unwanted effect on DV may be confused with IV
confounding variable
group of subjects exposed to experimental condition
experimental group
comparison group of subjects who are not exposed to the experimental condition
control group
subjects respond to almost any change
hawthorne effect
tendency of subjects to behave in accordance with experimenter expectancy
self fulfilling prophecy
nature
identical are more psychologically similar (same genetic makeup)
twin studies
nature
more similar to biological than adoptive parents
adoption studies
study 1 group of subjects over a considerable amount of time
longitudinal method
many age groups of subjects (cohorts)
study at same time
cross sectional method
concept or framework that acquires and interprets information mental model
schema
awareness that objects continue to exist even when they are not perceived
object permanence
imagining an action and mentally reversing it
operations
pre operational child’s difficulty taking another’s point of view
egocentricm
grasping concrete analogies
conservation
need to develop sense of security (social attachment)
trust vs mistrust
independence
autonomy vs shame and doubt
spontaneous but social
initiative vs guilt
self confidence and competency
industry vs inferiority
adolescence (values)
identity vs role confusion
personal relationships
intimacy vs isolation
concerned with others
generativity vs stagnation
presented moral dilemmas to people of different ages
lawrence kohlberg
moral development
knowledge or skills
learning
response to an inherent stimulus
reflex
unlearned behaviors
instinct
sequential unfolding of inherited pre dispositions (walking)
maturation
form of learning in which a neutral stimulus comes to elicit a response
classical conditioning
who discovered classical conditioning
pavlov
john watson’s experiment
little albert
learning by making mistakes, until you find the correct solution
trial and error
who discovered trial and error
thorndike
strengthening of SR relationship by following the response with reinforcement
operant conditioning
who discovered operant conditioning
skinner
reward
positive reinforcement
removes negative outcome
negative reinforcement
penalty
punishment
EC tolman
learning that occurs without the reinforcement of overt behavior
latent learning and cognitive maps
wolfgang kohler
relatively sudden perception of relationships that results in the prompt solution of a problem
insight
albert bandura
maintained that new behavior is learned primarily through observation and imitation
social learning theory
effect if previous learning on later learning
earlier learning improved later learning
earlier learning makes it harder to learn now
transfer
most learners have a preference
one of the senses
sense modality involved
practiced together vs separate sessions
massed vs distributed practice
studying material beyond point of initial mastery
overlearning
artificial aids to learn
mnemonic devices
weak theory
forgetting occurs bc memory naturally fades over time
decay theory
new memories interfere with ability to remember old memories
retroactive
old memories interfere with the ability to remember new memories
proactive
unconscious process by which emotionally threatening experiences are unavailable to recall
repression
interruption or distortion of the biochemical memory process
ECT
most closely associated with memory storage
master regulator
gatekeeper
hippocampus
imagination or original ideas
creativity
thought process by which you overcome obstacles to reach a goal
problem solving
mental picture we have if something
thinking
purposeful mental manipulation of words and images
concept
formal system of communication involving symbols and rules for combining them
language
certain time during development when an individual can learn a specific behavior most
critical period
what does genie reveal about language development
had trouble learning a language
language is acquired solely through the process of learning
imitation- bandura
reinforcement- skinner
learning theory
noam chomsky
maintains that infants are born with a predisposition to develop language
biologically predetermined theory
