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Psychology- Schmitt > cognition > Flashcards

cognition Flashcards

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1
Q

thought process by which you overcome obstacles to reach a goal

A

problem solving

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2
Q

positive strategies when faced with a problem

A 
attack the problem
retreat
go around the barrier
seek expert opinion
change the goal
change yourself
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3
Q

negative strategies when faced with a problem

A 
worrying
whining 
whimpering
wailing
wetting yourself
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4
Q

3 characteristics of good problem solvers

A

intelligence
flexibility
experience

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5
Q

vague formulation of the problem

A

inadequate

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6
Q

use of a past successful strategy, but may interfere with future strategies

A

mental set

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7
Q

problems can be solved by using a familiar object in an unusual way, but you do not realize

A

functional fixedness

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8
Q 
inadequate
interference
lack of strategy
mental set
functional fixedness
A

barriers to problem solving

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9
Q

do animals communicate

A

yes

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10
Q

do animals have a true spoken language

A

no

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11
Q

chunks raised in human homes like humans

A

gua and vicki

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12
Q

average child’s age when first words are spoken

A

12 months

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13
Q

certain time during development when an individual can learn a specific behavior most easily

A

critical period

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14
Q 
language is acquired solely through the process of learning 
imitation (bandura)
reinforcement (BF skinner)
older theory
not as popular today
A

learning theory

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15
Q

linguist noam chomsky maintains that infants are born with a predisposition to develop language; inherit a language acquisition device; even though we do have an innate ability to acquire language, we still need to be exposed to a specific language

A

biologically predetermined theory

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16
Q

basic design features of language and stages of language acquisition are universal
infants in all countries make the same pre language sounds
deaf children make same sounds as children with normal hearing
newer theory; more popular today

A

evidence to support chomsky’s theory

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17
Q

both emphasis role of imitation and reinforcement

A

learning theory

biologically predetermined theory

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18
Q

which of the following types of individuals would have more difficulty learning language

A

an only child

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19
Q

the purposeful mental manipulation of words and images

A

thinking

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20
Q

depends on concepts

the mental picture we have of something

A

thinking

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21
Q

how do we form concepts

A

by looking for how things are the same and different and attaching a label to the concept

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22
Q

a formal system of communication involving symbols and rules for combining them

A

language

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23
Q

UCLA study

words

A

7%

24
Q

UCLA study

35%

A

intonation

25
Q

how we say things

A

intonation

26
Q

UCLA study

nonverbals

A

58%

27
Q

use of symbols to convey thoughts in a meaningful way

A

semanticity

28
Q

ability to combine words in novel, meaningful ways

A

generativity

29
Q

ability to refer to objects and events that are not present

A

displacement

30
Q

ability to produce novel and valuable ideas

ability to tap past experiences and come up with something new, atleast new to that individual

A

creativity

31
Q

preparation
incubation
inspiration
verification and revision

A

steps in creative thinking

32
Q

focuses on finding conventional solutions to problems

A

convergent thinking

33
Q

considers a variety of potential solutions

A

divergent thinking

34
Q

attempt to solve problems by expressing all possible solutions without stopping to evaluate them

A

brainstorming

35
Q

weak theory
forgetting occurs because memories naturally fade over time
learning causes physical change in the brain and this “memory trace” fades and disappears over time
little research reported
research of wilder penfield disproves this theory

A

decay theory

36
Q

you forget because other information interferes with remembering

A

interference theory

37
Q

new memories interfere with the ability to remember old memories

A

radioactive interference

38
Q

old memories interfere with the ability to remember new memories

A

proactive interference

39
Q

we are motivated purposefully to forget in order to avoid anxiety

A

motivation theory

40
Q

unconscious process by which emotionally threatening experiences are made unavailable to recall

A

repression

41
Q

elizabeth loftus

25% of adult memories could be false

A

false memory syndrome

42
Q

the distortion of memories by adding, dropping, or changing details to fit a schema

A

constructive recall

43
Q

forgetting is due to failure to have or use adequate retrieval cues
TOT phenomenon and pen fields research

A

cue dependence theory

44
Q

recall will be best when environmental cues that were associated with the encoding of a memory are also present during attempts to retrieve it

A

encoding specicity

45
Q

recall is best when environmental context present during encoding of a memory is also present during attempts at retrieving it
visiting old house

A

context dependent memory

46
Q

recall is best when ones emotional or physiological state is the same during recall of memory as it was during encoding

A

state dependent memory

47
Q

memories recalled best when in same mood as when memory was encoded; the tendency to recall experiences that are consistent with ones current good or bad mood

A

mood congruent memory

48
Q

ECT disrupts memory
certain drugs either block or enhance memory
cases of patients either block or enhance memory

A

distortion of the biochemical memory process

49
Q

most important structure related to memory

A

hippocampus

50
Q

role of neurotransmitters

A

acetocholine

51
Q

linked with improvement of memory

A

blood sugar/ glucose

52
Q

small capacity
20 secs
immediate and perfect recall

A

STM

53
Q

unlimited capacity.. stays forever

A

LTM

54
Q

retreating info (short answer)

A

recall

55
Q

to recognize (multiple choice)

A

recognition

56
Q

method of savings (retest, final, midterm)

A

relearning

Psychology- Schmitt (9 decks)

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