developing through the lifespan Flashcards
3 issues
nature and nurture
continuity and stages
stability and change
study 1 group of subjects over a considerable period of time
longitudinal
individuals may not represent whole population
time consuming
more expensive
can be difficult maintaining contact
disadvantages of longitudinal
will provide most accurate account of behavioral changes
advantages of longitudinal
many age groups of subjects (cohorts)
study at the same time
cross-sectional
cohort not typical
disadvantage of cross sectional
saves time and money
easier to maintain contact
advantage to cross sectional
begins as different study of cohorts, then follows cohorts longitudinally
mix of 2 up
cohort sequential
1921 found 1528 gifted kids (termites) IQ 135 and up 1% of students went to 2010
lewis termin
results of lewis termin experiment as kids
taller, heavier, stronger, more active socially, matured faster
results or lewis termin as adults
became socially, physically, academically, vocationally superior
most famous termite
richard nixon
development spreads downward from head to feet
cephalocaudal deviation
development starts at center of body and spreads outwards
promo distal deviation
sequential unfolding of inherited pre-dispositions
walking
maturation
ranked #1
BF skinner
ranked #2
piaget
2 criticisms of piaget
development more gradual than stages applied
understimated cognitive skills of children
higher levels of social behavior
passive behavior grows while 1 little play w little boy
preschool
spend 11 times more with same sec
age 6 1/2
95% same sex friendships
preschool
fewer but more intimate friendships
girls
boys are oriented towards rough and tumble play
girls have difficulty influencing boys
sec segregation
sexes separate
age 8-adolescence
AAUW
1992
1992
AAUW
get less attention from teachers
girls
teachers ask academic questions 80% more of who
1992
AAUW
boys
school curriculum ignores/ stereotypes females
standardized tests biased against girls
girls get fewer college scholarships
girls get better grades in school, more likely to go to college
1992
AAUW
girls were taking more maths and sciences
careers were still based upon stereotypes
girls getting broader education
boys are twice as likely to be put in special ed
boys begin disliking school
pre frontal cortex helps to understand things in school
1998
follow up
transition period when you grow out of childhood into adulthood
adolescences
stuck between childhood and adult
tweenager
tweenager
independent
identity
rebellion
frustration and conflict
did first normal study on adolescence
storm and stress
most adolescents have strong relationships with parents
time of slightly increased arguments
teens with parents who do not care are more antisocial
g stanley hall
reasons for adolescents
no definite point of becoming an adult in america
the purpose of adolescence is to give you the proper training you need to become an adult
each stage marked by a conflict or crisis that must be overcome (positive or negative)
theory previously called eight ages of man
background info of erik erickson’s theory
first year infants
need to develop a sense of security and build social attachment with a caregiver
harry harlow
mary ainsworth
trust vs mistrust
physical contact more important than nourishment in promoting infant attachment in infant monkeys
harry harlow
securely attached vs insecurely attaches infants
infants with mothers who are sensitive, accepting, and affectionate will become more securely starched
mary ainsworth
2nd year toddlers
need to achieve a sense of independence from parents
autonomy vs shame and doubt
3-5 years
need to behave in a spontaneous but socially appropriate way
initiative vs guilt
6- puberty
need to develop a sense of self confidence and competency
industry vs inferiority
came up with the three styles of parenting
permissive
authoritarian
authoritative
diana baumrind
set few rules and rarely punish misbehavior
permissive
lots of strict rules and punishment
authoritarian
warm and loving, yet insist that kids behave appropriately
authoritative
more likely to become socially competent, independent, and responsible
children with authoritative parents
adolescence
need to develop a sense of identity by adopting ones own set of values and social behaviors
the breakfast club
identity card role confusion
young adulthood (20-40)
need to form close personal relationships
friends
intimacy vs isolation
middle adulthood
need to become less self absorbed and more concerned with the well being of others
generativity vs stagnation
more common in men
most typically occurs from ages 35-45
believe life goals will not be achieved, or if achieved, will seem transient in face of the inevitability of death
time to reassess goals and aspirations
not all men experience it
life dreams of women tend to be different and more complex
midlife crisis
late adulthood
need to reflect back on a meaningful life and enjoy a sense of satisfaction
retirement, loneliness, death of spouse
individuals who engage in complex activities can generate new synapses in the brain
integrity vs despair
does erickson’s theory apply in all settings
probably not
may not reflect differences in personality development between men and women
erickson criticism
erickson’s theory based on study of males who place greater premium on development of self sufficiency than do females who focus more on intimate relationships in which there is mutual caring
carol gilligan
top two reasons men and women choose for being happily married
my spouse is my best friend
i like my spouse as a person
birth-2 years
babies learning through senses and actions
sensorimotor stage
concept or framework that organizes and interprets information
mental model
schema
interpreting our new experiences in terms of our existing schemas
assimilation
adapting our current understandings or schemas to incorporate new information
accommodation
the awareness that objects continue to exist even when they are not perceived
object permanence
6-7 years
able to represent things with words and images but too young to perform mental operations
preoperational stage
imagining an action and mentally reversing it
operations
a child thinking of a model as a symbol for the actual object
symbolic thinking
pre operational child’s difficulty taking another’s point of view
egocentrism
7 years
if given physical materials, they begin to learn that change in form, does not mean change in quantity
concrete operational stage
begin to comprehend simple math problems
mathematical transformations
grasping concrete analogies
pouring milk
conservation
understanding that operations can be undone
reversibility
ability to understand the hierarchical nature of classification
class inclusion
