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AP Psychology > Midterm > Flashcards

Midterm Flashcards

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1
Q

the longstanding controversy over the relative contributions that genes and experience make to the development of psychological traits and behaviors

A

nature vs. nurture

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2
Q

the view that knowledge originates in experience and that science should, therefore, rely on observation and experimentation

A

empiricism

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3
Q

a historically significant perspective that emphasized the growth potential of healthy people

A

humanistic psychology

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4
Q

early school of thought promoted by Wundt and Titchener; used introspection to reveal the structure of the human mind

A

structuralism

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5
Q

early school of thought promoted by James; explored how mental and behavioral processes function–how they enable the organism to adapt, survive, and flourish

A

functionalism

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6
Q

scientific study that aims to solve practical problems

A

applied research

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7
Q

an ethical principle that research participants be told enough to enable them to choose whether they wish to participate

A

informed consent

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8
Q

the tendency to believe, after learning an outcome, that one would have forseen it

A

hindsight bias

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9
Q

observing and recording behavior in naturally occurring situations without trying to manipulate and control the situation

A

naturalistic observation

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10
Q

a descriptive technique in which one individual or group is studied in depth in the hopes of revealing universal principles

A

case study

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11
Q

sampling that fairly represents a population because each member has an equal chance of inclusion

A

random sampling

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12
Q

a research method in which an investigator manipulates one or more factors to observe the effect on some behavior or mental process

A

experiment

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13
Q

assigning participants to experimental and control groups by chance, thus minimizing pre-existing differences between the different groups

A

random assignment

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14
Q

experimental results caused by expectations alone

A

placebo

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15
Q

a computed measure of how much scores vary around the mean score

A

standard deviation

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16
Q

portion of the cerebral cortex just behind the forehead; involved in speaking and muscle movements

A

frontal lobe

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17
Q

portion of the cerebral cortex lying at the top of the head and toward the rear; receives sensory input for touch and body position

A

parietal lobe

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18
Q

portion of the cerebral cortex lying at the back of the head; includes areas that receive information from the visual fields

A

occipital lobe

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19
Q

portion of the cerebral cortex lying roughly above the ears; includes the auditory areas, each receiving information primarily from the opposite ear

A

temporal lobe

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20
Q

the principle that, among the range of inherited trait variations, those contributing to reproduction and survival will most likely be passed onto succeeding generations

A

natural selection

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21
Q

rapid eye movement sleep; a reocurring sleep stage during which vivid dreams commonly occur

A

REM sleep

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22
Q

drugs that reduce neural activity and slow body functions

A

depressants

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23
Q

the process of observing and imitating a certain behavior

A

modeling

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24
Q

neurons that carry incoming information from the sensory receptors to the brain and spinal cord

A

sensory neurons

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25
Q

neurons that carry outgoing information from the brain and spinal cord to the muscles and glands

A

motor neurons

26
Q

a nerve cell

A

neuron

27
Q

a neuron’s bushy, branching extensions that receive messages and conduct impulses toward the cell body

A

dendrites

28
Q

a fatty tissue layer segmentally encasing the axons of some neurons; enables greater transmission

A

myelin sheath

29
Q

the junction between the axon tip of the sending neuron and the dendrite or cell body of the receiving neuron

A

synapse

30
Q

the neuron extension that passes messages through its branches to other neurons or to muscles or glands

A

axon

31
Q

chemical messengers that cross the synaptic gaps between neurons

A

neurotransmitters

32
Q

“morphine within”; a natural, opiate-like neurotransmitter linked to pain control and pleasure

A

endorphin

33
Q

the endocrine system’s most influential gland; regulates growth and controls other endocrine glands

A

pituitary gland

34
Q

chemical messengers that are manufactured by the endocrine glands; travel through the bloodstream and affect other tissues

A

hormones

35
Q

a pair of endocrine glands that sit just above the kidneys and secrete hormones that help arouse the body in times of stress

A

adrenal glands

36
Q

the body’s slow chemical communication system; a set of glands that secrete hormones into the bloodstream

A

endocrine system

37
Q

the base of the brainstem; controls heartbeat and breathing

A

medulla

38
Q

the brain’s sensory control center, located on the top of the brainstem

A

thalamus

39
Q

the oldest part of the brain, beginning where the spinal cord swells as it enters the skull

A

brainstem

40
Q

the “little brain” at the rear of the brainstem; functions include processing sensory input, coordinating movement and balance

A

cerebellum

41
Q

a neural structure lying below the thalamus; it directs several maintenance activities and helps govern the endocrine system

A

hypothalamus

42
Q

information processing guided by higher-level mental processes, as when we construct perceptions drawing on our experience and expectations

A

top-down processing

43
Q

the process by which our sensory receptors and nervous system receive and represent stimulus energies from our environment

A

sensation

44
Q

the process of organizing and interpreting sensory information, enabling us to recognize meaningful objects and events

A

perception

45
Q

analysis that begins with the sensory receptors and works up to the brain’s integration of sensory information

A

bottom-up processing

46
Q

the light-sensitive inner surface of the eye, containing the receptor rods and cones plus layers of neurons that begin the processing of visual information

A

retina

47
Q

the retinal receptors that detect black, white, and gray; necessary for peripheral and twilight vision

A

rods

48
Q

the nerve that carries neural impulses from the eye to the brain

A

optic nerve

49
Q

retinal receptor cells that are concentrated near the center of the retina that function in daylight or well-lit conditions

A

cones

50
Q

the chamber between the eardrum and cochlea containing three tiny bones that concentrate the vibrations of the eardrum on the cochlea’s oval window

A

middle ear

51
Q

a coiled, bony fluid-filled tube in the inner ear

A

cochlea

52
Q

hearing loss caused by damage to the cochlea’s receptor cells or the auditory nerves

A

sensorineural hearing loss

53
Q

hearing loss caused by damage to the mechanical system that conducts sound waves to the cochlea

A

conduction hearing loss

54
Q

the sense of body movement and position, including the sense of balance

A

vestibular sense

55
Q

the diminishing of a conditioned response; occurs in classical conditioning when an unconditioned stimulus does not follow a conditioned response; occurs in operant conditioning when a response is no longer reinforced

A

extinction

56
Q

the reappearance, after a pause, of an extinguished conditioned response

A

spontaneous recovery

57
Q

a type of learning in which behavior is strengthened if followed by a reinforcer of diminished if followed by a punisher

A

operant conditioning

58
Q

an operant conditioning procedure in which reinforcers guide behavior toward closer and closer approximations of the desired behavior

A

shaping

59
Q

any event or situation that evokes a response

A

stimulus

60
Q

a type of learning in which one learns to link two or more stimuli and anticipate events

A

classical conditioning

61
Q

an event that tends to decrease the behavior that it follows

A

punishment

62
Q

the view that psychology should be an objective science and study behavior without reference to mental processes

A

behaviorism

AP Psychology (17 decks)

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