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midterm 3 Flashcards

1
Q

Epithelial/Endothelial malignant tumor

A

Carcinoma

- squamous cell carcinoma

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2
Q

Mesenchymal malignant tumor

A

Sarcoma

  • Osteosarcoma
  • Rhabdomyosarcoma
  • Leiomyosarcoma; smooth muscle
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3
Q

Lymphoid malignant tumor

A

Lymphoma

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4
Q

Melanotic malignant tumor

A

Melanoma

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5
Q

Hematopoietic malignant tumor

A

Leukemia

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6
Q

Benign epithelial glandular tumor

A

Adenoma

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7
Q

Benign epithelial papillary tumor

A

Papilloma

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8
Q

Benign smooth muscle tumor

A

Leiomyoma

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9
Q

What is mal-developed tissue native to site

A

Hemartoma

-nodular tongue

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10
Q

what is mal-developed tissue in other organs

A

Choristoma

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11
Q

What leads to chronic myelocytic leukemia

A

translocation of chromosome 22. 9:22.

Philadelphia chromosome

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12
Q

What gene regulates apoptosis and is the most common gene mutation

A

P53

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13
Q

Tumor related to HPV

A

Carcinoma of cervix and oropharyngeal

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14
Q

Tumor related to EBV

A

Mononucleosis

Nasopharyngeal carcinoma

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15
Q

Tumor related to Hep B and C

A

Hepatocellular carcinoma

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16
Q

Tumor related to HHV 8

A

Kaposi sarcoma (AIDS)

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17
Q

What is carcinoid syndrome

A

Metastasis of intestinal carcinoid
Flushing and diarrhea
Right heart fibrosis

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18
Q

Malignant tumor of endothelial tissue (vessels)

A

angiosarcoma

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19
Q

Reed Sternberg cells are associated with

A

Hodgkins lymphoma.

large, multinucleated B lymphocytes.

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20
Q

Facts of Hodgkins lymphoma

A

younger pts
good prognosis
Reed Stenberg cells (B-cell neoplasm)
EBV found in 80%

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21
Q

Facts of Non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma

A

various levels of aggresiveness
poor prognosis
Burkitts’s lymphoma; very aggressive

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22
Q

What is incidence

A

newly diagnosed cases/time

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23
Q

What is mortality

A

death/time period

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24
Q

What is Prevalence

A

Number of new and pre-existing cases at one moment.

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25
What is PSA
Prostate specific antigen
26
What is CBA
Carcinoembryonic antigen-colon carcinoma
27
What is CA-125
Serous ovarian carcinoma test
28
What is HCG
Choriocarcinoma test
29
What are the leading causes of cancer deaths in US in order
lung Prostate Breast
30
What is the most common cancer in Africa
Liver cell carcinoma due to link with viral Hep.
31
What cancer is linked to APC gene
Familial adenomatous polyposis/colon cancer
32
Breast and ovarian cancers linked to
BRCA 1 and 2
33
What is the most common tumor in children
Retinoblastoma
34
What does the WT-1 gene regulate
apoptosis such as in Wilms tumor
35
What gene repairs mismatched genes
HNPCC
36
What test measures if a chemical alters genetic changes in bacteria and would be a carcinogen
Ames test
37
What is the most common type of malignancy
Carcinoma
38
Adenocarcinoma facts
Forms glands cuboidal or columnar cells Ex: Colon, breast, prostate, lung
39
Examples of Mesenchymal (sarcomas) tumors
``` Kaposi's Angiosarcoma Chondrosarcoma Leiomyosarcoma Liposarcoma ```
40
Examples of lymphomas
Hodgkins lymphoma Non-Hodgkins lymphoma Burkitt's lymphoma
41
What are two genetic risks examples
Familial adenomatous polyposis/colon cancer; APC gene | Some breast and ovarian cancers; BRCA 1 and 2 genes
42
What are the Txs for cancer
Surgical removal Radiation therapy Chemotherapy
43
Cyclophosphamide is used to treat
Hodgkin's lymphoma Multiple myeloma Breast cancer Leukemia
44
What are nitrosureas used for
Brain tumor able to cross BB barrier. combo tx for Hodgkin's lymphoma
45
What is the mcc of severe loss of sight in 60+ pts
Age-related macular degeneration.
46
What is the tx for wet AMD
Bevacizumab
47
What mutation occurs in up to 50% of tumors and can lead to resistance to rad therapy
P53 mutation
48
What drug blocks ECGR and is the tx for non-smll cell lung and pancreatic cancer
Erlotibib
49
What cancer exhibits primary resistance on initial exposure
Melanoma
50
Resistance to alkylating agents develops as
increased capacity to repair damaged DNA
51
What are the adverse effects of alkylating agents
``` nausea, vomiting Damage to rapidly growing tissues Carcinogenic in nature; increased risk of secondary cancer observed as early as 2-4 yrs after. Acute myelogenous leukemia. ```
52
What is cisplatin
Tx of broad range of solid tumors | nephrotic
53
MOA and SE of antimetabolites (Methyltrexate)
Inhibits tetrahydrofolate | Mucositis, diarrhea.
54
What is Fluorouracil used for
``` Colorectal Anal breast H and N Hepatocellular cancers Decreases DNA synthesis and function. ```
55
What are two anti tumor Abx
doxorubicin Bleomycin Tx: Lymphomas, breast and thyroid cr.
56
What leukemia is most common in children
Acute Lymphoblast leukemia (ALL)
57
What is the most common form of leukemia in adults
Acute myelogenous leukemia (AML)
58
Hodgkin's lymphoma drugs
Anthracycline Doxorubicin bleomycin Vinblastine
59
What is multiple myeloma
plasma cell malignancy, primarily in bone marrow. Bone pain, fractures, anemia. tx; alkylating agents, prednisone
60
Drug used for colorectal cr
5-fluorouracil
61
what viruses are associated with infectious esophagitis
Herpes Candida CMV
62
Facts of infectious esophagitis
Affects entire GI tract. | Multiple discrete, well circumscribed superficial ulcers.
63
what are the aggravating factors for reflux esophagitis
obesity, pregnancy, drug use ( ↓ esophageal pressure, alc/to use, narcotics, nicotine patch)
64
What are the complications of reflux esophagitis
Ulceration stricture Barrett esophagus
65
Chronic gastritis facts
H. pylori gastritis-doudenal Pyloric ulcers May lead to cancer. autoimmune gastritis
66
Facts of AI atrophic gastritis
``` Genetic factors No ulcers Decreased gastric acid Intestinal metaplasia malabsorption of B12 (pernicious anemia) ```
67
Why do you get polyps
response to gastric injury around ulcers
68
Fact of gastric carcinoma
looks like intestinal tissue and diffuse | some have hereditary connection.
69
Intestinal obstruction small bowel
Intestinal obstruction 80% | Neoplasm and infarction 20%
70
What is Hirschsprung disease
Congenital defect in colonic innervation | Failure to pass meconium
71
Facts of Celiac sprue
Immune mediated (glutten) malnutrition: Iron, B12 malabsorption atrophic glossitis enamel defects, delayed eruption, aphthous ulcers, cheilosis.
72
What is lymphocytic colitis
increased intraepithelial lymphocytes
73
What microorganims are associated with self-limiting colitis
Salmonella E. coli Shigella Clostridium
74
Pseudomembranous colitis is associated with use of
broad spectrum Abx therapy
75
What is the most common nosocomial infection in older adults
pseudomembranous colitis.
76
cholecystitis facts
Acute often caused by gallstones and obstruction. | can become chronic.
77
What is fatty liver caused by
ETHOH Obesity diabetes
78
What is Hep caused by
virus drug AI
79
What are the five types of liver disease
``` Fatty liver Hepatitis Biliary disease Metabolic disease Vascular ```
80
What is the number one cause of liver toxicity
Drugs
81
what causes the worst liver destruction
fibrosis; leads to collagen scar and permanent injury
82
Acute hep is caused by what viruses
A | E
83
What Hep types have vaccines for
A B D
84
What Heps can cause a chronic infection and have a percutaneous premucosal mode of transmission
B C D
85
What hep virus is found in > 170 million carriers worldwide
Hep C
86
What hep virus chronically infects 2 billion people
Hep B
87
Facts of Hep B
15-25% will die from complications can lead to cancer of liver (hepatocarcinoma) important to get vaccinated.
88
What is cirrhosis
regenerative hepatocyte nodules. | Fibrosis surrounding nodules.
89
Where is AI hep usually found
Obese females predominantly
90
metabolic diseases are often associated with
iron overload
91
What is Wilson's disease
copper metabolic defect goes to hep then cirrhosis.
92
What is GERD
Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease. | Chronic
93
Where is water and alcohol absorbed
Stomach
94
What is absorbed in duodenum
``` Fe Ca Mg Na fats water Protein Vitamins ```
95
What is absorbed in Jejunum
Carbohydrates | Proteins
96
What is absorbed in the Ileum
Bile salts B-12 Cl
97
What are two laxatives
Bisacodyl; stimulant of smooth muscles | Ducosate; (Dulcolax) Water retention in stools, softens stools.
98
Diarrhea meds
Loperamine Bismuth Subsalicylate Atropine
99
IBS meds
Linaclotide (Linzess)
100
Ulcerative colitis facts
Similar to crohn's but limited to colon and more generalized. No strictures.
101
Where is the highest concentration of Hep in oral cavity
gingival sulcus
102
What are hep manifestations
``` Lichen planus Periodontal disease Candidiasis Increased oral bleeding Increased incidence of type II diabetes Sjogrens syndrome ```
103
What are three H2 Inhibitors
Cimetidine (Tagamet) Ranitidine (Zantac) Famotidine (Pepcid)
104
What are examples of PPI
Omeprazole (prilosec) Omeprazole + sodium bicarbonate (Zegerid) Lansorazole (Prevacid) Esomeprazole (Nexium)
105
What is Prevpac
lasoprazole Amoxicillin clarithromycin
106
laxatives
Bisacodyl | Docusate
107
Diarrhea control
Loperamide Bismuth Subsalicylate Atropine
108
Drug for IBS constipation
Linaclotide (Linzess)
109
Drugs for IBD (crohn's)
Mesalamine Corticosteroids Metronidazole
110
Tx for granulomatosis
infliximab (TNF α blocker)
111
Most common drug to cause liver damage
Ethanol

HD&T (19 decks)

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