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HD&T > Coronary heart disease > Flashcards

Coronary heart disease Flashcards

1
Q

What is secondary hypertension

A 
Uncommon 5-10%
related to:
Endocrine
drugs 
pregnancy
Renal failure
Sleep apnea
Renal artery sclerosis
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2
Q

Wha are there risk of of getting essential hypertension

A 
Increasing age
black
obesity 
high salt diet 
lack of physical activity
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3
Q

What is an aneurysm

A

a focal artery dilation

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4
Q

Renal failure is more common in what race

A

AA

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5
Q

Hypertensive brain hemorrhage is more common in what race

A

Asians

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6
Q

What are sec causes of hyperlipidemia

A 
Diabetes
sedentary lefestyle 
diet 
obesity
heavy alc use
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7
Q

What delivers fats from gut to liver

A

Chylomicrons

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8
Q

What is the leading cause of death and stroke

A

atherosclerosis

about 30% of all deaths

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9
Q

What is the leading cause of referral artery disease

A

Diabetes

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10
Q

Hypertrophy

A

Enlarged cells, number of cells remains the same

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11
Q

What is atrophy

A

Cell shrinkage or loss

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12
Q

what is the term for fatty atrophy

A

cachexia

fatal at 68% of normal body weight

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13
Q

Term for an increased number of cells

A

Hyperplasia

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14
Q

Term for the replacement of one cell type by another

A

metaplasia:
Smoker’s airway
Cervix
Barretts esophagus

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15
Q

Term for disordered hyperplasia without maturation

A

Dysplasia:
Uterine cervix
bowel disease
Esophagus with Barrett’s

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16
Q

What are the main causes of cell injury and death

A 
trauma
Ischemia; inadequate circulation
toxins/radiation
Infection
Inflammation
genetic diseases 
Nutritional problems 
tumors
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17
Q

What cells are most prone to injury

A

High metabolic activity: myocytes, renal tubular, hepatocytes.
Rapidly proliferating:Testicular germ, intestinal epi, hematopoietic cells.

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18
Q

What are examples or reversible cell damage

A

Mild ATN; acute tubular necrosis of kidney
Toxic liver injury
Severe exercise

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19
Q

What are examples of irreversible cell death

A

Necrosis

Apoptosis

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20
Q

what is apoptosis

A 
Orderly and often normal
Requires energy
no inflammation, one cell at the time
Embriology
Normal cell turnover
viral infection
Immunologically mediated; Fas or TNF signals
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21
Q

What is necrosis

A

Uncoordinated cell death
often happens in clusters and incites inflammation.
Early loss of: energy, ions pumps.

22
Q

what is karyolysis

A

digested, pale nucleus

23
Q

what does coagulative necrosis do

A

forms scar or a thin area

24
Q

what is an example of caseous necrosis

A

Tuberculosis

infectious granulomas

25
Q

When is fatty change of liver seen

A

aloholism
obesity
starvation
toxins

26
Q

when is glycogen accumulation seen

A

lir in diabetes
glycogen storage disease
certain tumors

27
Q

when is lipid storage seen

A

lipid storage disease: Fabry’s, Gaucher’s

atherosclerosis

28
Q

What is lipofuscin

A

degraded lipid in lysosomes

disease; Gaucher’s

29
Q

What are three brown storage products

A

lipofuscin; degraded lipid in lysosomes
bilirubin; hemoglobin breakdown product
Hemosiderin; iron containing product

30
Q

what are two examples of protein storage

A

Intracellular; Russell bodies in plasma cells

Extracellular; Amyloid

31
Q

Term for the accumulation of calcium

A

Dystrophic calcification- into damaged tissue
Metastatic calcification- into normal tissue due to;
Renal failure
hyperparathyrodism
malignancy

32
Q

Term for coal worker’s lung

A

Anthracosis

33
Q

term for too much extravascular fluid in tissues

A

Edema

34
Q

term for too much fluid in body cavity

A

Effusion

35
Q

Term for excess fluid in peritonial space in liver failure

A

Ascites

36
Q

Term for excess fluid in pleural space

A

Pleural effusion

37
Q

Term for excess cerebrospinal fluid

A

hydrocephalus

38
Q

Terms for clots or other material that block flow

A

thrombi; clot in a vessel

emboli

39
Q

Terms for low blood pressure from low cardia output or low vascular resistance

A

Hypotension

Shock

40
Q

Term of fluid accumulation in lower part of body

A

Dependent edema

41
Q

What are three common causes of edema

A

hormonal fluid retention.
Heart failure.
Inflammation.

42
Q

Left heart failure can lead to

A

pulmonary edema

43
Q

Right heart failure can lead to

A

blood backing up in IVC
blood pooling in liver.
Edema due to increase pressure in vasculature.

44
Q

What are three common causes of low BP

A

Hypovolemic; low blood volume (bleeding/dehydration)
Cardiogenic; heart infarct/failure,arrhythmia, pulmonary emboli.
Septic shock; vasodialation and high permeability, poor cardiac pumping, increased metabolism.

45
Q

What are the symptoms of hypovolemic and cardiogenic hypotension

A

pale, cool skin.

blood flows primarily to vital organs.

46
Q

What are the symptoms of Septic shock

A

febrile, flushed, chills and diaphoresis.

47
Q

term for decreased myocardial contractility (heart pumps weakly)

A

Systolic dysfunction

48
Q

Term for insufficient expansion (heart does not fill with blood bn beats

A

Diastolic dysfunction

49
Q

Facts of left sided heart failure

A 
Caused by ischemic heart disease.
Hypertension
Aortic and mitral valve disease
Orthopnia/dyspnea
Myocardial disease; cardiomyopathy/myocarditis
edema of lungs.
50
Q

Term for pulmonary edema from heart failure while lying down

A

Paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea

51
Q

What are hear failure cells

A

heme-filled macrophages

52
Q

Facts of right sided heart failure

A

Pure-cor pulmonale; abnormal enlargement of right side of heart.
Hepatomegaly
Splenomegaly

HD&T (19 decks)

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