Coronary heart disease Flashcards by Luis Franco

What is secondary hypertension

Uncommon 5-10%
related to:
Endocrine
drugs 
pregnancy
Renal failure
Sleep apnea
Renal artery sclerosis

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Wha are there risk of of getting essential hypertension

Increasing age
black
obesity 
high salt diet 
lack of physical activity

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What is an aneurysm

a focal artery dilation

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Renal failure is more common in what race

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Hypertensive brain hemorrhage is more common in what race

Asians

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What are sec causes of hyperlipidemia

Diabetes
sedentary lefestyle 
diet 
obesity
heavy alc use

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What delivers fats from gut to liver

Chylomicrons

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What is the leading cause of death and stroke

atherosclerosis

about 30% of all deaths

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What is the leading cause of referral artery disease

Diabetes

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Hypertrophy

Enlarged cells, number of cells remains the same

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What is atrophy

Cell shrinkage or loss

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what is the term for fatty atrophy

cachexia

fatal at 68% of normal body weight

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Term for an increased number of cells

Hyperplasia

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Term for the replacement of one cell type by another

metaplasia:
Smoker’s airway
Cervix
Barretts esophagus

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Term for disordered hyperplasia without maturation

Dysplasia:
Uterine cervix
bowel disease
Esophagus with Barrett’s

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What are the main causes of cell injury and death

trauma
Ischemia; inadequate circulation
toxins/radiation
Infection
Inflammation
genetic diseases 
Nutritional problems 
tumors

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What cells are most prone to injury

High metabolic activity: myocytes, renal tubular, hepatocytes.
Rapidly proliferating:Testicular germ, intestinal epi, hematopoietic cells.

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What are examples or reversible cell damage

Mild ATN; acute tubular necrosis of kidney
Toxic liver injury
Severe exercise

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What are examples of irreversible cell death

Necrosis

Apoptosis

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what is apoptosis

Orderly and often normal
Requires energy
no inflammation, one cell at the time
Embriology
Normal cell turnover
viral infection
Immunologically mediated; Fas or TNF signals

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What is necrosis

Uncoordinated cell death
often happens in clusters and incites inflammation.
Early loss of: energy, ions pumps.

what is karyolysis

digested, pale nucleus

what does coagulative necrosis do

forms scar or a thin area

what is an example of caseous necrosis

Tuberculosis

infectious granulomas

When is fatty change of liver seen

aloholism obesity starvation toxins

when is glycogen accumulation seen

lir in diabetes glycogen storage disease certain tumors

when is lipid storage seen

lipid storage disease: Fabry's, Gaucher's | atherosclerosis

What is lipofuscin

degraded lipid in lysosomes | disease; Gaucher's

What are three brown storage products

lipofuscin; degraded lipid in lysosomes bilirubin; hemoglobin breakdown product Hemosiderin; iron containing product

what are two examples of protein storage

Intracellular; Russell bodies in plasma cells | Extracellular; Amyloid

Term for the accumulation of calcium

Dystrophic calcification- into damaged tissue Metastatic calcification- into normal tissue due to; Renal failure hyperparathyrodism malignancy

Term for coal worker's lung

Anthracosis

term for too much extravascular fluid in tissues

Edema

term for too much fluid in body cavity

Effusion

Term for excess fluid in peritonial space in liver failure

Ascites

Term for excess fluid in pleural space

Pleural effusion

Term for excess cerebrospinal fluid

hydrocephalus

Terms for clots or other material that block flow

thrombi; clot in a vessel | emboli

Terms for low blood pressure from low cardia output or low vascular resistance

Hypotension | Shock

Term of fluid accumulation in lower part of body

Dependent edema

What are three common causes of edema

hormonal fluid retention. Heart failure. Inflammation.

Left heart failure can lead to

pulmonary edema

Right heart failure can lead to

blood backing up in IVC blood pooling in liver. Edema due to increase pressure in vasculature.

What are three common causes of low BP

Hypovolemic; low blood volume (bleeding/dehydration) Cardiogenic; heart infarct/failure,arrhythmia, pulmonary emboli. Septic shock; vasodialation and high permeability, poor cardiac pumping, increased metabolism.

What are the symptoms of hypovolemic and cardiogenic hypotension

pale, cool skin. | blood flows primarily to vital organs.

What are the symptoms of Septic shock

febrile, flushed, chills and diaphoresis.

term for decreased myocardial contractility (heart pumps weakly)

Systolic dysfunction

Term for insufficient expansion (heart does not fill with blood bn beats

Diastolic dysfunction

Facts of left sided heart failure

``` Caused by ischemic heart disease. Hypertension Aortic and mitral valve disease Orthopnia/dyspnea Myocardial disease; cardiomyopathy/myocarditis edema of lungs. ```

Term for pulmonary edema from heart failure while lying down

Paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea

What are hear failure cells

heme-filled macrophages

Facts of right sided heart failure

Pure-cor pulmonale; abnormal enlargement of right side of heart. Hepatomegaly Splenomegaly