Endocrine

Question 1

thyroid Storm

Answer 1

Fever
CHF
Coma

Question 2

PTH functions

Answer 2

Activate osteoclasts and bone resorption.
Increase serum calcium.
Activate Vit D and increase GI absorption.
Increase tubular resorption of Ca.

Question 3

Sx of hypercalcemia due to hyperparathyroidism

Answer 3

Usually due to adenoma
osteoporosis.
constipation
weakness
anorexia
stones
Peptic ulcers
coma
arrhythmias.

Question 4

what are the sx of hypopparathyroidism

Answer 4

Hypocalcemia
anxiety depression
↓ in PTH
tetany
Dental changes in children: poor enamel, brittle/missing teeth.

Question 5

Anterior pituitary

Answer 5

portal circulation from hypothalamus, sends releasing factors.
Rathke’s pouch

Question 6

Posterior pituitary

Answer 6

go into systemic circulation.
buds from hypothalamus.
ADH
oxytocin

Question 7

What hormones cause Cushing’s disease

Answer 7

Corticotropin affects ACTH

Question 8

what hormone affects reproduction functions

Answer 8

prolactin

Question 9

What problems can GH cause

Answer 9

Acromegaly in adults

Gigantism in children

Question 10

what is the most common cause of hypopituitarism

Answer 10

nonsecretory pituitary adenomas

Question 11

What are the sx of anterior pituitary insufficiency

Answer 11

loss of sex characteristics-sterility
retard growth in children
Hypothyroidism

Question 12

What are the sx of posterior pituitary insufficiency

Answer 12

Diabetes insipidus; no glucose or insulin involved
Polydipsia
Inapropriate ADH secretion, Hyponatremia and hemodilution

Question 13

What can cause hypopituarism

Answer 13

metastasized carcinoma

CNS infection

Question 14

What does the adrenal medulla produce

Answer 14

Cathecolamines; EPI and NOREPI

Question 15

What does the adrenal cortex produce

Answer 15

Mineralcorticoids
Glucocorticoids
Sex steroids

Question 16

Features of primary acute cortical insufficiency

Answer 16

Weakness
Nausea
 hyponatremia
Hyperkalemia
Hypotension
Skin pigmentation 
Addison disease
Adrenal crisis; Waterhouse-Friderichson syndrome

Question 17

Features of secondary acute adrenocorticocal insufficiency

Answer 17

No hyperpigmentation

Aldosterone usually normal

Question 18

Common cause of secondary acute adrenocorticocal insufficiency

Answer 18

abrupt discontinuation of steroid tx

Question 19

Features of Addison’s disease

Answer 19

Autoimmune adrenalitis
most often white females
65% of adrenal insufficiencies
can be caused by infections; TB

Question 20

What disease comes from hypercorticolism

Answer 20

Cushing’s disease
ACTH too low
Cortisol too high
Autonomous adrenals

Question 21

Features of hyperaldosteronism

Answer 21

Primary; adenoma
Na retention 
K excretion
Suppression of renin-angiotensin system
Secondary; renal disease/cirrhosis

Question 22

Features of Pheochromocytoma

Answer 22

Tumor of adrenal medulla; ↑ secretion of catecholamines
Hypertension
Flushing
↑ urine catecholamines

Question 23

short lasting cortisones

Answer 23

hydrocortisone

Prednisone

Question 24

Long lasting cortisones

Answer 24

Dexamethasone

Question 25

Ketoconazole MOA

Answer 25

Inhibits adrenal steroid synthesis

Question 26

Metyrapone MOA

Answer 26

Reduces cortisol synthesis

Question 27

Mifepristone MOA

Answer 27

Steroid receptor antagonist

Question 28

what stimulates osteoblasts directly

Answer 28

PTH

vit D