Midterm 2 (Part 2) Flashcards
fungi are not…
plants
features of protists?
most unicellular, can be photo/auto/mixotrophs, asexual and sexual repro.
key innovation of seed plant 1
reduced gametophyte protected from enviromental stresses, dessication, uv
diplontic?
multicellular cell is in the diploid stage, formation of haploid gametes (animals)
cuticle and stomata
c- protects against desiccation
s- pore that allows for gas exchange and water regulation
golgi appartus?
protein modifications and trafficking
3 kinds of life cycles?
diplontic, haplodiplontic, haplontic
eukaryotes are a…
monophyletic group (common ancestor all descendants)
perioxisome
enzymes to tranfer H to O2 and remove H2O2
2 types of spore production
homosporus- bisexual gamete (seedless vascular)
heterosporus- male or female gametophyte (seed plants)
what do photosynthetic eukaryotes have?
mitochondria and plastids (chloro,chromo,amylplasts
ER?
rough- protein systhesis
smooth- lipid syn, metabolsim, steroids, carbs
Features of eukaryotes?
plasma membrane, cytoplasm (cytosol, organelles, inclusions), nucleus, cytoskeleton, mitochondria, flaggelum
how does Marchantia polymorpha reproduce
cups have cell buds that propogate and form new indivual
plant embryos do what?
retained in the maternal gametophyte tissues for protection and nutrition
what are gymnosperms?
non flowering seed plants
protists and malaria?
sickle cell causes advantage, inhibits parasite infection of the host, heterozygote advantage, higher frequency
2 types of seed dispersal in flowers/fruit
amnemochory- wind
zoochory- animals
haplontic?
multicellular cell is in the haploid stage, the diploid stage is a single cell (fungi protists)
what are tracheophytes?
monophyletic group of vascular plants, dominated by sporophyte, gametophyte reduced in size
what is pseudopodia?
cellular extension for moving an feeding
Features of sexual reproduction
diploid produce haploid through meiosis, differ in size (anisogamy), fertilization
what is the apical meristem
region of stem cell diviosn at the tip of roots and shoots, allow for indeterminate growth
haplodiplontic
multicellular cell is in the diploid and haploid stages (plants)
2 kinds of transport tissues?
xylem- water and minerals to leaves
pholem- sugars, product of photosynthesis
key innovation of seed plant 4
pollen grain means gametophyte can disperse far
lysoosme
digestion
features of flowers
modified leaves for reproduction, carpel produces female gamete, stamen produces male
features of fruit
nature ovary of flower, seed dispersal
what is fungi
heterotrophs and decomposers, repro. sex or asexually
problems of living above water line
dry, gravity effect, no nutrients in atmosphere, temp changes
what are spores protected by
sporopollenin, highly resistant polymer
advantages of heterospory?
specific selection/functions, better nourish the embyro, mature at different time (no self fertil.)
what is ligin
polymer in cell walls, impermeable to water and structural
advantages of living above water line
sunlight, more co2, nutrients on shoreline
how does spore dispersion occur
in the air
what are choanoflagellates
singular posterior flagellum with chitin
Diff in animal, plant, fungi cells
a- no cell wall chloroplasts
p- vacuole, no flagella, plastids, cellulose
f- no flagella, chitin, less compartementation
features of gymnosperms
seed is exposes, can survive years, evolved to dryer climates, sperm cells not flagellated
what are bryophytes
paraphyletic non-vascular plants, dont produce seeds or flowes (mosses, liverworts), absence of specialized tissues for water/ nutrients
what is lichen
symbiosis between algae and fungi
explain life cycle of bryophyte
dominated by gametophytes, attacth to substrate by rhizoids, spores make male or female, grow, sperm release fertilize female, grow produce more spores
alteration of generations in plants?
haplodiplontic life cycle, multicell 2n (sphorophyte) and n (gametophyte) individuals
what is double fertilization
one cell fert. egg (zygote), one sperm fuses w/ 2 nuclei to make endosperm to nourish zygote
key innovation of seed plant 2
ovule contains megaspore, fertilization without water
what is plamodium
parasote transmitted by mosquitoes that causes malaria
dinoflagellates?
two flagella, can bloom (red tide)
First plant fossil
Cooksonia, no leaves, roots, flowers, vascualr tissue with spores, gas exchange
dis/advantages of sexual reproduction?
dis-look for partner, dilutes own genes, two-fold cost of sex (slower)
ad-new gene combos, elim. of bad alleles, speed adaption in new environments
the first eukarotic cells came from..
endosymbiosis
what is a spermatophyte?
seed plant, embryo surrounded by nutrients and protective coat
what are protists?
all eukarya except animal, plants, fungi, paraphyltic group
what is vascularization
prescene of tissues to transport water, nutrients, sugars
Maturation in fruit
ovary matures to fruit, ovules mature to seeds
key innovation of seed plant 3
heterosporus, furtur dispersion and nourishing of embryo
what are angiosperms
flowering plants with seeds, 90% of plants
biolumienescense?
production of light, mechanical stress converts chem energy into light
myxomycetes?
unicellular, 720 sexes, immortal, movement, produce spores, can learn
key innovation of seed plant 5
seed increases survival during reproduction and embyro is protected
features of plants?
eukaryotes, photoautotrophs, cellulose walls, sex or asex reproduction, chlorplasts with chlorophyll, beta-carotenes, xantophylls
