Final (Part 1) Flashcards
what do interactions depend on
biotic and abiotic factors, determine distribution, abundance, diversity and evoltion of organisms
what are so adaptions for flight
no bladder, small gonads, no teeth, light skeleton
what are dipnoi
functional lungs, gills, crawl in mud, called lungfishes
theoretical maximum?
abundance of organism reaches theorectical maximum at optimal value acorss environmental gradient, actual abundace differs from potential because of biological interactions
ctenophora?
type of marine jelly, diploblastic, radial symmerty, endothlial tissues and nervous system
what are interspecific interactions
interactions that affect survival reproduction, evoltuion, etc. (competition, predation, mutatlism, commenasalism
what is climate/ what determines it
long term weather conditions in a area, determinds by temp, precipitation, light, wind
what is ecology
study of how organisms interact with each other and their environment
what is bilateria?
evolution of bilateral symmetry, same time and triploblasty
commensalism
one indivudal benefit, other neutral (cattle egrets and buffalo, whales and barnacles)
what are urochordates?
veterbrates ( may have evolved from paedomorphosis:Having some features of the ancestral juvenile stage, but being an adult), loss of 4 hox genes, called tunicate
what is species richness
of species in biological community, latitudinal gradient
what are reptiles
dry scales with keratin, ectothermic, improved locomotion
What are invertebrates? what group do they form
no spine, 95% of species, form a paraphyletic group
what are porifera?
sponges, diploblastic with radial symetry, sessile, no true tissues
what do biomes differ in
average temp, seasonal variations, soil nutrients composistion, organisms
ecological interactions can drive…
evolutionary change
features of chordata?
have a notochord, muscles to attach to notochord, dorsal nerve chord (ectoderm), post anal tail, phargenal slits (filtration/ gas exchange)
meromitic lake, thermocline, holomitic lakes
lakes that dont display water mixing
t- vertical gradients in temperature that prevent water from mixing
h- lakes with same temp and water throughout year, turnover mixes
what are chondrichthyes
cartilagenous fish, placoid scales, homologus vertrebrae teeth (sharks, rays)
what is resource partitioning?
differentiation of ecological niches, decrease competition and allow two species to coexsist
features of primates
opposable thumb, large brain, short jaw, parental care, overlapping visual fields
features of humans
bipedal, short digestive tract, 99% of genome identical to chimpanzee
features of birds
birds are reptiles and bipedal dinosaurs, feathers are exaption
what is competetion
2 individuals of different species compete for resource
what are echinodermata?
bilateral symerty, deuterosome, ambulatory system, marine stars, sea cucumbers, sea urchins, sand dollars
what does species distribution depend on
evolutionary history, biotic and abiotic factors,
what makes acoela and platyhelminthes different from other bilateria?
lost their body cavity, dont have digestive tract
trophic relationship?
Populations of intermediate trophic levels can be controlled by either:
amount of food available in lower trophic levels (bottom-up control)
presence of predators (top-down control)
what are biomes
major ecosystem type, classified by vegetation and physical environment
what are osteichthytes
calcium phosphate bones, swim bladder
what is a generalist
species that thrive in wide variety of of conditions (racoon with varied diet)
what are vertebrates
species with a skeletal system formed by veterbral column, mucle attatchment, duplication of hox genes
life cycle of amphibian?
aquatic larval stage, metamorphosis, predator adult
how do species respond to climate change
natural range is limited, range is shifted north, shrinkage of range, adaptation and expansion of range, barriers prevent colonization
what are gnathostomes
verterbrates with jaws, have two gill arches (mandibular arch, hyoid arch), anterior gill slits, and duplication of hox genes
ray finned vs lobed fin osteichthytes
ray- no skeleton in fins, rays project from basal bones (actinopterygii)
lobed- internal fin skeleton, “walk” on substrate (actinistia)
what are amniotes?
air insulation in embryo stage and ventilation
what is dispersal
movement of indivudals away from area of origin or from centers of high population density, reliazed distrubtion is not always the same as the suitable range
what species are considered to be Ecdysozoa?
protosome animals with exoskeleton, ecdysis, prescence of ganglions (bugs, worms, lobster)
what is a specialist
species that thrives in narrow range of environmental conditions (koala with ecalpytus)
example of adaption after drought
el nino, food was scarce, strong natural slection, birds with beaks for large shells were favored
features of mammals
mammary glands, endothermy, differentiated teeth, hair and fat layer, kidneys
different kinds of ecology
organismal, population, community, ecosystem, landscape, global
4 embryonic membranes?
chorion- outer membrane, gas exchange
amnion- surrounds cavity (mech. protection)
allantois- surrounds disposal sac (meta. waste)
yolk sac- nutrients
what adaptions in tetra pods lead to colonization
support against gravity, vascular system, breathing/hearing in air
what species are considered to be lophotrochozoa
protosome animals with either lopophore ( ciliated tentacles around mouth) or trochophore (specific larval stage)
how do chondrichthyes reproduce?
3 modes: oviparous (egg laying, external hatch)
ovoviviparous (embryo feed from eggs yolk, internal hatch)
viviparous (feed through placenta, birth)
what is a keystone species
species that has a large influence on species richness of the community relative to its abundance
what are tetra pods
four limbs with digits, new land niches
what are cephalochordates?
feeding through filtration in pharynx, lateral movment for locomotion, called lancelets
3 hypothesis for latitudinal gradient
- more solar energy- longer growing season, higher productivity, more biodiversity
- more stable climate- niche specialization, resource partitioning, more biodiversity
- temperate vulnerable to glaciations- tropics stayed undistrubed, reduced extinction, more biodiversity
cnidaria?
jellyfish, anemones, corals, diploblastic, radial symerty, hydrostatic skelton
what are cyclostomes
vertebraes without jaws, circular mouth, called hagfishes or lampreys
what is a competitive niche
all of the biotic and abiotic resources used by a species, realized niche is always smaller than fundamental niche because of competition
