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BIO1130 > Midterm 2 (Part 1) > Flashcards

Midterm 2 (Part 1) Flashcards

1
Q

Transduction of bacteria?

A

exchange dna thru bacteriophage, attactches to cell and inserts dna, cell replicates phages and spreads, intermidtae between donor and recipient cell

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2
Q

what are fimbriae and capsule?

A

f- short appendages to help bacteria adhere
c- polysaccharide surrounding cell wall, protects

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3
Q

Biozone?

A

intervals of geological strata

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4
Q

what is R plasmid?

A

resistance plasmid that contains antibiotic resistence genes plus genes for coding pillus

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5
Q

microbiome?

A

community of microorganisms that live on or in body

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6
Q

Stanley millers experiement?

A

mimiked early earth atmosphere, several organic compounds (amino acids, hydrocarbons) could be formed spontaneously (through abiogenesis) from abiotic molecules

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7
Q

What happened in cambrain explosion

A

posterior appendages for movement, anterior predation appendages, anterior sensing organs (NS), bilateral symmentry

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8
Q

Organisms can…

A

undergo rapid morphological changes

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9
Q

Domain of eukarya?

A

11 000 000 est, serial endosymbiosis, evolved from prokarotes in arkea, posses mitochondria, plastid, cell gained new metabolic system

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10
Q

role 2?

A

assimilating minerals into biomass on upper trophic level, can decompose and aborb nutrients from dead organic material (recycle C, H, N, O,P)

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11
Q

Cambrian explosion

A

Around 530 million years ago, a wide variety of animals burst onto the evolutionary scene

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12
Q

Domain of archea?

A

est. 50 000 species, prokaryote but not bacteria, extremophiles, many are methanogens, source of DNA polymerase

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13
Q

What molecules are abundant in earth?

A

C, O, H, N make most molecules like carbs, proteins, fatty acids, nucleic acids

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14
Q

2 roles of prokaryotes in ecosystem?

A

absorbing energy, assimilating minerals

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15
Q

what makes a good biomarker?

A

lived for short time and have specific ecologicalo requirement are good fro dating of rocks

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16
Q

conjugation of bacteria?

A

bacteria from same species donate dna,
1. pillus draws reciver cell closer
2. mating bridge
3. plasmid transferred

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17
Q

What do we know about Foraminifera?

A

wide distribution, specific habitats, preserved by calcium carbonate shell

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18
Q

what can cause discontinuity in fossil record

A

erosion, tectonic plates, changes in climate, colonization, extinction, etc

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19
Q

Inorganic/organic compunds?

A

o- glucose, lipids
i- CO2, HCO3

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20
Q

what is a protocell?

A

precursor to modern living cells, droplet with membranes for selective permeability, werent living organisms

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21
Q

how do bacteria show resistance?

A

genetic variation from. mutations, trasnitted heretibility, only resistant selective strains grow

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22
Q

features of prokaryotes?

A

0.5-5 um, membrane, cytoplasm with only cytosol, no nucleus, no organelles

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23
Q

what is selfhish DNA

A

dna that enhances its own transmission

24
Q

What is the burgess shale

A

patenlogical site in BC, lots of fossils, benthic (on sediment), endobenthic(in sediment), nektonic(swimming)

25
Q

role 1 of prokaryotes in ecosystem ?

A

absorbing energy, photoautotroph can convert CO2 to sugar, produce O2, fix atmospheric N2

26
Q

what is LUCA

A

all living organisms synthesize L optical isomers of amino acids, genetic code, almost universal, LUCA was last universal common ancestor

27
Q

Nutritonal requirements?

A

phototroph- photoautotroph (i) or photoheterotroph (o)
chemotroph- chemoautotroph (i) lithotroph or chemoheterotroph (o) organotroph

28
Q

how did we get from molecules to proto cells? (4)

A

1- abiotic synthesis of organic molec.
2-polymerization to macromolec.
3-packaged into protocell
4- transmission of self replicating molecules

29
Q

symbiosis hypothesis

A

cells from diff species establish a mutually beneficial and long term association

30
Q

Faunal succession?

A

specific vertical sequence of fossilized fauna/flora, identifed over wide horizontal distance

31
Q

What is biostratigraphy

A

determination of relative age of sedimentary rocks

32
Q

prokaryotes considered what

A

paraphyletic group, common ancestor and some desendnets

33
Q

What is adaptive radiations?

A

a rapid increase in the number of species with a common ancestor, allowing to fill different ecological roles (Darwin Finches)

34
Q

What came first DNA or RNA

A

RNA (ribozymes) function as enxymes/catalysts, can self replicate

35
Q

phases of binary fission?

A

lag phase (sysnthesis of components), log phase (rapid growth), stationary phase (population stops growth), death phase ( loss due to lack of nutrients)

36
Q

What does natural selection favor?

A

RNA molecules that self replicate faster, splitting to daughter vesicle is inheritence

37
Q

what did LTEE show?

A

populations adapted and grew over time, new mutations, bacteria evolve rapidly

38
Q

Why are virsuses not organisms?

A

No cell organization, metablosim, or growth

39
Q

What 7 properties do all organisms share?

A

Cell organization, energy, reproduction, evolution, growth, homeostatsis, response to stimuli

40
Q

commensalism?

A

symbiotic relationship where organism benefit, other is not help or harmed

41
Q

Effects of bacteria

A

can cause infect. diseases, also help digestion, immunity, protection against infections, provide vitamins

42
Q

What is a stromatolite?

A

layered rock from activites of photosynthetic prokarates that binds films of sediment

43
Q

Example of mass extinctions?

A

permian, palogene extinction

44
Q

colonial hypothesis?

A

colonies form through cooperation of unicellular orgainsms of same species, by fail to seperate

45
Q

what is radiometric dating

A

determination of abosulte age, uses isotope compisition of orgainsms on way to fossils or magmatic rock

46
Q

What is needed for formation of molecules?

A

precursor molecules, thermal energy, catalysts

47
Q

transformation of bacteria?

A

release dna after cell death, taken back up by other cells, new strain carries plasmid

48
Q

12 C isotope vs 14C isotope

A

12c- stable, keeps fossil constant
14c- unstable, decays fossil

49
Q

how do prokaryotes reproduce?

A

asexually, binary fission

50
Q

Gram - bacteria

A

more antibiotic resistant, have outer membrane then peptidoglycan layer, then inner membrane, e.coli

51
Q

what do bacteria lack?

A

histones to package genome, sometimes in archea

52
Q

what is F factor?

A

fertility factor, contains genes required to make pillus

53
Q

Domain of bacteria?

A

est. 700 000 species, diverse metabolsim, photosynthic, ana/aerobe

54
Q

key innovatins in fossil record?

A

porkarotes, increase in O2, endosymbiosis, sex reproduction, multicell, colonization

55
Q

gram + bacteria

A

peptidoglycan layer then membrane, tetnus

BIO1130 (9 decks)

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